Diabetes Module 3

Question 0

Macro vascular complications of type 2 diabetes:

Answer 0

Cardiovascular system, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease

Question 1

Micro vascular complications of diabetes:

Answer 1

Eyes: retinopathy, macular edema
Nerves: nueropathy
Kidneys: nephropathy

Question 2

One of the microvascular complications of diabetes, an umbrella term for various noninflammatory disorders of the retina including some that cause blindness

Answer 2

Retinopathy

Question 3

Swelling of the macula the part of the Eye use for reading and seeing fine detail

Answer 3

Macular edema

Question 4

One of the microvascular complications of diabetes involving the nervous system. develops over time and can cause nerve damage throughout the body. Symptoms can involve the sensory, motor and autonomic - or involuntary - nervous system

Answer 4

Neuropathy

Question 5

Narrowing of the coronary arteries that is usually the result of atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Coronary artery disease

Question 6

Damage or dysfunction of the arteries outside the heart resulting in reduced blood flow especially the narrowing of an artery supplying blood to the legs

Answer 6

Peripheral artery disease

Question 7

A sudden loss of neurological function caused by loss of blood flow to an area of the brain

Answer 7

Cerebrovascular disease

Question 8

Partial paralysis of the stomach so that food Empties much more slowly if at all. Usually caused by damage to the Vagus nerve; symptoms include early satiety nausea and vomiting

Answer 8

Gastroparesis

Question 9

Nonvascular complications of diabetes include

Answer 9

Gastrointestinal, genitourinary, hearing loss, ocular, dermatologic, infection, periodontal disease

Question 10

Why does excess glucose cause cell death

Answer 10

Because cells cannot regulate the glucose themselves so they release the production of chemicals that injure the cell and damage the microvascular tour of the eye, kidney and peripheral nerves

Question 11

Most common micro vascular complication of diabetes, 10,000 cases of blindness per year

Answer 11

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 12

This type of retinopathy is typically in the first decade or early in second decade of the disease and is characterized by microaneurysms and blot hemorrhages

Answer 12

Non-proliferative retinopathy

Question 13

This type of retinopathy is characterized by neovascularization and can lead to hemorrhage , formation of fibrous tissue and retinal detachment

Answer 13

Proliferative retinopathy

Question 14

True or false? Patients with diabetes are at a greater risk for glaucoma and cataracts.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is neovascularization?

Answer 15

The formation of new blood vessel

Question 16

What is a micro aneurysm?

Answer 16

A microscopic aneurysm or bold or ballooning in the wall of an artery

Question 17

What is a blot hemorrhage?

Answer 17

A result of increased vascular permeability; appears around with blurred edges and hard exudates which are yellow and sharply defined

Question 18

Damage to the kidney especially to the glomerulus where the blood is filtered is called:

Answer 18

Nephropathy

Question 19

Occurs in 20-40% of patients with diabetes and is leading cause of end stage renal disease

Answer 19

Nephropathy

Question 20

Progression of nephropathy:

Answer 20

Onset: increased GFR
5-10 years after onset: microalbuminuria and decreasing GFR
Progression is characterized by microalbuminuria and further decreasing GFR

Question 21

What is microalbuminuria?

Answer 21

Albuminuria that is characterized by relatively low rate of albumin excretion in the urine.

Question 22

What is globular filtration rate,

Answer 22

The rate at which blood passes through the glomeruli; it is often used to assess kidney function

Question 23

What is macro albuminuria?

Answer 23

Albuminuria that is characterized by relatively high rate of albumin excretion in the urine

Question 24

End-stage renal disease

Answer 24

The complete or near complete failure of kidneys to function

Question 25

Diabetic nueropathy

Answer 25

Affects 50% of patients and is leading cause of no healing skin ulcers and limb amputations

Question 26

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy symptoms include

Answer 26

Sensory loss in extremities, sensations of numbness, tingling, burning, or prickling. note: up to 50% may not experience symptoms

Question 27

The most common type of diabetic neuropathy that causes a loss of sensation in the feet and sometimes that Charcot joint that deforms the ankle; can also calls burning and itching in the feet

Answer 27

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy or DPN

Question 28

A general term for nerve disorders that affect involuntary body functions including heart rate blood pressure perspiration and digestion

Answer 28

Autonomic neuropathy

Question 29

Autonomic neuropathy is characterized by

Answer 29

CV system can cause tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension; gastrointestinal system can cause gastroparesis; genitourinary system can cause bladder emptying abnormalities

Question 30

An excessively high heart rate usually defined as more than 100 bpm

Answer 30

Tachycardia

Question 31

A fall inblood pressure upon standing or when standing motionless in a fixed position

Answer 31

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 32

The major cause of mortality for patients with diabetes is:

Answer 32

Cardiovascular disease

Question 33

Dyslipidemia is caused by

Answer 33

High triglycerides, high LDL c and low HDLC

Question 34

Atherosclerosis is

Answer 34

Plaque formation in the arterial walls

Question 35

Atherosclerosis can lead to:

Answer 35

Coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and cerebrovascular disease

Question 36

Diabetic foot is characterized by

Answer 36

Ulcers which if left untreated can lead to progressive complications such as cellulitis, sepsis or gangrene

Question 37

A spreading bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Answer 37

Cellulitis

Question 38

The presence of a pathogen in the blood or other tissues

Answer 38

Sepsis

Question 39

Death of tissue usually resulting from reduced or absent blood supply

Answer 39

Gangrene

Question 40

Major goal of diabetes treatment is to:

Answer 40

Reduce the impact of diabetes associated complications

Question 41

The American diabetes Association recommends individualized intensive diabetes management with:

Answer 41

The goal of achieving near-normal glucose levels in most patients to delay the onset and or progression of diabetes associated complications

Question 42

Nephropathy is the leading cause of:

Answer 42

End stage renal diseas