Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What are the clinical complications of diabetes mellitus
Impaired blood circulation
Impaired immunity
Increased risk of CVD
Neuropathies
What are the classical symptoms of DM
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
What is type 1 DM due to
Insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells in the pancreas
What does type 1 DM result in
Progressive destruction of the insulin secreting B cells
What is type 2 DM due to
Total insulin insufficiency
What is hyperglycaemia and how is it caused
Elevated blood glucose levels
Due to inadequate insulin
Primary feature of DM
What does insulin do
Promote cellular uptake and storage of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
What does insulin do to blood glucose levels
Only hormone that directly reduces blood glucose
What does the liver do to maintain blood glucose levels
Stores excess glucose as glycogen and releases glucose into blood when levels drop
Where does gluconeogenesis happen
The liver
What does adipose tissue do in glucose metabolism
Main energy storage site
Source of adipokines
What is the main form of GLUT expressed and where
GLUT-4
Expressed on skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes
Where is the insulin gene located
Chromosome 11
What is type 1 DM characterised by
The presence of autoreactive B and T lymphocytes in the pancreas
How many autoantibodies are described in type 1 DM
At least 25
4 of clinical interest
In type 1 DM what is the destruction of beta cells due to
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What 2 factors must be present for the development of type 2 DM
Insulin resistance in tissues
Impaired insulin secretions
What indicates insulin resistance
Hyperglycaemia in the presence of normal insulin levels
What is a loss in activity of insulin receptor signalling due to
Phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues instead of tyrosine residues
What kinase is involved in insulin receptor and b cell signals
AKT2
What is impaired insulin secretion due to
Defective signalling in pancreatic b cells
What transcription factor is associated with impaired incretins signals
TCF7C2
Where is ppary expressed
Adipose tissues
