Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

is a group of diseases in which blood glucose levels are elevated due to
deficiency in insulin action.

Answer 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 2

Classical manifestations (3 Ps)

Answer 2

Polyuria – excessive urine volume
Polydipsia - - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive eating

Question 3

NIDDM meaning

Answer 3

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type2)

Question 4

Type of DM where beta cells are destroyed
- an autoimmune disease
- juvenile onset

Answer 4

1DM

Question 5

• acute ketoacidosis is common
• unresponsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs
• must be treated with INSULIN

Answer 5

1DM

Question 5

Type of DM where Beta cells unable to produce insulin

Answer 5

2DM

Question 6

-ketosis is rare
- hyperosmolar coma is common (the imbalance of water and glucose in the blood)
- insulin treatment is not necessary

Answer 6

2DM

Question 7

Criteria to Diagnose DM

Answer 7

• FBS >126 mg/dL on at least 2 occasions
• • 2-Hr PP glucose >140 mg/dL
• • (3 Ps), unexplained weight loss plus a casual
• RBS >200 mg/dL
• • A two-hour post load glucose of 200 mg/dL or greater in OGTT
• Exceptions to these criteria is the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Question 8

FBS normal value

Answer 8

50-110 mg/dl (2.8-6.2 mM)

-requires an 8-hour fasting

Question 9

for OGTT. Patient to be tested should be on a regular diet ingesting at least ____grams or
carbohydrate for_____days prior to testing.

Answer 9

150 g
3 days

Question 9

highest glucose level is reached _____ minutes after a meal

Answer 9

60-90 minutes

Question 10

for OGTT. The patient is challenged orally with______grams (glucola) during the test to
be taken in 5 minutes.

Answer 10

75g glucose

Question 11

NOTE:

For OGTT. A baseline glucose level is obtained prior testing and further blood samples are
taken after

-30 minutes,
-1 hour,
-1 1⁄2 hours
-2 hours.

Answer 11

🫦

Question 12

Diagnosis of DM in a patient if these are met:

Answer 12

a) FBS is > 126 mg/dL
b) 2HrPPvalueis >200mg/dL
c) a level between 0-2 hours is 200 mg/dL

Question 13

a test - Indicated in cases who have malabsorptive syndromes or previous gastric or
intestinal surgery

• Glucose disappearance constants (k values) are calculated from the plot of the
  logarithm of glucose concentration against time

Answer 13

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)

Question 14

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT) level that indicates DM

Answer 14

• k value of <1.2

Question 15

Random Blood Sugar (RBS) normal range

Answer 15

45 – 130 mg/dL (2.5 – 7.2 mmol/L)

Question 16

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) normal range?

(used to monitor long-term glucose control (6-8 weeks)

Answer 16

< 6%

Question 17

• used to monitor short term glucose control (1-2 weeks)
• represents glucose complexed with other proteins

Answer 17

Fructosamine

Question 18

Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) value

Answer 18

FBS 110-125 mg/dL

Question 19

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)

Answer 19

2-Hr PP, 140-199 mg/dL

Question 20

SCREENING test for Gestational DM
Do the ___hour OGTT with ___g glucose load; prior fasting not required

Answer 20

1 hour
50 g

Question 21

DIAGNOSTIC test for Gestational DM.
Do the ___hour OGTT with ___grams of glucose load; overnight fasting is required.

Answer 21

3-hr
100grams

Question 22

an overnight plasma glucose of less than 45 mg/dL. (2.5 mmol/L) and an associated group of symptoms that are relieved by ingestion of food or carbohydrates. It can occur when insulin levels are high and glucose production is inadequate.

Answer 22

hypoglycemia

Question 23

what’s in the Whipple’s triad

Answer 23

1) Hypoglycemic attacks precipitated by fasting

2) Plasma glucose levels of <45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L)

3) Symptoms relieved promptly by glucose administration

Question 23

NOTE:

Causes of Abnormal Glucose Levels CAUSES OF ABNORMAL GLUCOSE LEVELS

Persistent Hyperglycemia
Diabetes mellitus Acromegaly
Hyperthyroidism Obesity Adrenal cortical hyperactivity (Cushing’s syndrome)

Answer 23

🫦

Question 24

Enzyme defieciency in Glucose- 6-phosphatase

Answer 24

Type 1 (von Gierke)

Question 25

Enzyme defieciency in All tissues’ alpha 1,4- glucosidase

Answer 25

Type 2 (Pompe)

Question 26

NOTE:

Transient Hyperglycemia:

Pheochromocytoma
Severe liver disease
Acute stress reaction (physical or emotional) Shock
Convulsions

Answer 26

🫦

Question 27

NOTE:

Transient Hypoglycemia:

Acute alcohol ingestion
Drugs: salicylates, antituberculosis agents Severe liver disease
Several glycogen storage disease “Functional” hypoglycemia
Hereditary fructose intolerance

Answer 27

🫦

Question 28

what are the 3 disaccharides?

Answer 28

MLS

Maltose ⏩ 2-units of glucose
Lactose ⏩ glucose & galactose
Sucrose ⏩ glucose & fructose

Question 29

The three (3) monosaccharides

Answer 29

D-Glucose
D-galactose
D-fructose

Question 30

is the most important of all the simple carbohydrates.

Answer 30

D-Glucose

Question 31

are two other important hexoses. (monosaccharides)

Answer 31

D-galactose
D-fructose