Biochem: Lipids Flashcards by James Sandoval

FABRY DISEASE

α-galactosidase

Globoside
(Ceramide trihexoside)

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GAUCHER DISEASE

Glucocerebrosidase (β- glucosidase)
Glucocerebroside

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NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE

sphingomyelinase
sphingomyelin

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TAY-SACHS DISEASE

β-Hexosaminidase A (α-subunit)
GM2 ganglioside

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KRABBE DISEASE (Globoid cell leukodystrophy)

β-Galactocerebrosidase
Galactocerebroside, psychosine

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METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY

Arylsulfatase A
Cerebroside sulfate

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GANGLIOSIDOSIS

β-galactosidase 1
Gangliosides (GM1), keratin sulphate

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SANDHOFF DISEASE

β-Hexosaminidase A (β-subunit) and B
GM2 and globosides

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FARBER DISEASE

Ceramidase
Ceramide

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side note:

carbohydrates - based on structural components

Lipids -characterization is based on solubility characteristics.

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MEMBRANE LIPIDS

phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol

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ARE EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS

Bile acids

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MESSENGER LIPIDS

steroid hormones and eicosanoids

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PROTECTIVE- COATING LIPIDS

biological waxes
mineral wax

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Side note:

SAPONIFIABLE

TAG, phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, & biological waxes

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Side note:
NONSAPONIFIABLE:

cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, eicosanoids

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Fatty acids

▪ building blocks of lipids
▪ are naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.

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Side note:

Lipids, is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.

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the main form of stored energy in animals

TAG
Triglyceride = A glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids

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are one category of lipids that do not tend to have fatty acids.

sterols

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Human blood groups (O, A, B) are determined by oligosaccharide head groups of _____?

glycosphingolipids

(is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate)

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is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

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explain the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS based on water solubility

Water solubility for fatty acids is a direct function of carbon chain length; solubility decreases as carbon chain length increases. Short-chain fatty acids have a slight solubility in water. Long-chain fatty acids are essentially insoluble in water. The slight solubility of short-chain fatty acids is related to the polarity of the carboxyl group present. In longer-chain fatty acids, the nonpolar nature of the hydrocarbon chain completely dominates solubility considerations.

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2 ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

LINOLEIC ACID (18:2)
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3)

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explain the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS based on melting points

Melting points for fatty acids are strongly influenced by both carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds present). As carbon chain length increases, melting point increases. This trend is related to the greater surface area associated with a longer carbon chain and to the increased opportunities that this greater surface area affords for intermolecular attractions between fatty acid molecules.

2 TYPES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL explain.

1. Simple Triacylglycerol -Is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule. 2.Mixed Triacylglycerol -A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules.

GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES

Phosphatidic acid + alcohol

residues.occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in nerve endings

Gangliosides

is a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids.

Sphingolipodoses

CHOLESTEROL

C27 steroid ,steroid alcohol, molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids.

most abundant steroid in the human body (cell membrane up to 25% by mass), in nerve tissue, in brain tissue (about 10% by dry mass)

CHOLESTEROL

Side note: Ingested cholesterol decreases biosynthetic cholesterol production. However, the reduction is less than the amount ingested. Therefore, total body cholesterol levels increase with increased dietary intake of cholesterol

transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue

VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein

▪ transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue

CHYLOMICRONS - highest TAG - lowest chole

is a mechanism by which the body removes excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and delivers them to the liver, where it will be redistributed to other tissues or removed from the body by the gallbladder. The main lipoprotein involved in this process is the HDL-c

reverse cholesterol transport

side note: LIPID BILAYER- is a two-layer-thick structure of: 1. phospholipids 2. glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure. = Held together by intermolecular interactions,

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They regulate membrane rigidity. Because of their compact shape, cholesterol molecules fit between the fatty acid chains of the lipid bilayer, restricting movement of the fatty acid chains. Within the membrane, the cholesterol molecule orientation is “head” to the outside (the hydroxyl group) and “tail” to the inside (the steroid ring structure with its attached alkyl groups)

Cholesterol molecules

is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution. Cholesterol derivatives called bile acids function as emulsifying agents that facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine. Their mode of action is much like that of soap during washing.

Emulsifier

is a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract. Bile acids always carry an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage. The presence of this amino acid attachment increases both the polarity of the bile acid and its water solubility. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts.

bile acid

is a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion. Besides bile acids, bile also contains bile pigments (breakdown products of haemoglobin, cholesterol itself, and electrolytes such as bicarbonate ion. The bile acids that are present increase the solubility of the cholesterol in the bile fluid

Bile

gallstone formation

increase chole decrease in bile pool... chole will precipitate to crystal chole formation of gallstone

Female sex hormone Synthesized: ovaries and adrenal cortex

ESTROGENS

Male sex hormones Synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex

ANDROGENS

Pregnancy hormones Synthesized in the ovaries and the placenta

PROGESTINS

*Functions: prepare the lining of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and also suppress ovulation

PROGESTINS - *Form: PROGESTERONE

Side note: ANABOLIC STEROIDS The structure of one of the more commonly used anabolic steroids, methandrostenolone, is similar to that of the naturally occurring testosterone.

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ADRENOCORTECOID HORMONES or CORTICOSTEROIDS MINERALOCORTICOIDS - aldosterone GLUCOCORTICOID - cortisol

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is an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipid. The term eicosanoid is derived from the Greek word eikos, which means “twenty.” The metabolic precursor for most eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, the 20:4 fatty acid.

eicosanoid

Are HORMONE-LIKE or localized hormone because they exert their effects in the tissues where they are synthesized

eicosanoid

* Functions: raising body temperature, inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices, increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach, relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain, and enhancing infl ammation responses. Aspirin is an example of drug that can inhibit.

PROSTAGLANDINS

* Function: to promote the formation of blood clots. *Thromboxanes are produced by blood platelets and promote platelet aggregation

THROMBOXANES

*Function: Various infl ammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses are associated with elevated levels of leukotrienes. *Drugs that inhibit the synthesis of leukotriene C are now being used in the treatment of asthma

LEUKOTRIENES

is a lipid that is a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a longchain alcohol. are monoesters, unlike fats and oils, which are triesters.

biological wax

(obtained from a species of Brazilian palm tree) ▪ is a hard wax whose uses involve high-gloss finishes: automobile wax, boat wax, floor wax, and shoe wax

Carnauba wax

a mixture of waxes obtained from sheep wool ▪ is used as a base for skin creams and ointments intended to enhance retention of water (which softens the skin)

Lanolin

Side note:

A mineral wax is a mixture of long-chain alkanes obtained from the processing of petroleum. Mineral waxes, which are also called paraffin waxes, resist moisture and chemicals and have no odor or taste. They serve as a waterproof coating for such paper products as milk cartons and waxed paper. Most candles are made from mineral waxes. Some “wax products” are a blend of biological and mineral waxes.

True - Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat helps in increasing level of LDL. -Replacing diets of carbohydrates and saturated fat with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids helps to manage glucose level. -Lipids are more related physically than chemically. -With an increase level of unsaturation decrease melting point. -Omega-3 fatty acids associated with decreases risk for heart disease. -Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids dominates structures of oils. .

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Associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia

VLDL and chylomicrons increased

Glycophospholipid that is associated with lung surfactant

Phosphatidylcholine

side note:

Insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

What is the health impact of consuming foods that contain trans-fat?

High trans-fat intake increases the risk of death from any cause by 34%, coronary heart disease deaths by 28%, and coronary heart disease by 21%.2

trans-fat has no known health benefits

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Name the four classes of lipoproteins and the major lipid carried by each.

HDL - phospholipids, VLDL- endogenous TAG, LDL-cholesterol, Chylomicrons - exogenous TAG

Whatever Will Be, Will Be

Trust the process.

stimulates renal reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+

Aldosterone

control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation

GLUCOCORTICOID (cortisol)