diabetes mellitus

Question 1

high blood glucose level occur because of

Answer 1

deficiency of insulin ( type 1)
decreased secretion or inability of tissue to respond to insulin (type 2)

Question 2

type 1 diabetes is

Answer 2

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Question 3

type 2 diabetes is

Answer 3

noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Question 4

how body will respond if diabetes mellitus is untreated

Answer 4

as of it is starving

Question 5

in which type of diabetes fuel stores are degraded in the face of high blood glucose level, and ketoacidosis

Answer 5

type 1

Question 6

exposure of RBC to glucose result in

Answer 6

glycosylation of Hb

Question 7

an increase in the HbA1c fraction above 6% of the total hb indicates

Answer 7

blood glucose level has been elevated during last 6-8 weeks

Question 8

diabetes is a ____________ group of syndromes characterized by an elevation of fasting blood glucose that is caused by a _____________

Answer 8

heterogenous
relative or absolute deficiency of insulin

Question 9

diabetes is the leading cause of

Answer 9

renal failure, adult blindness, nerve damage, heart attack, stroke

Question 10

diabetes mellitus is a ________ accompanied by

Answer 10

chronic hyperglycemia
glucosuria

Question 11

type 1 is caused by

Answer 11

destruction of beta cells in pancreas

Question 12

factors responsible for type 1 are

Answer 12

1. stimulus from environment ( viral infection)
2. formation of antibodies against beta cells (leads to autoimmune condition called insulitis)

Question 13

treatment for type 1

Answer 13

insulin therapy

Question 14

most common form of diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

NIDDM( type 2)

Question 15

what are the metabolic abnormalities of type 2

Answer 15

dysfunction of beta cell
resistance of insulin action at cellular level
based completely o genetic background
80% are obese

Question 16

insulin deficiency cause disturbance in metabolism of

Answer 16

carbohydrate
lipids
protein
vitamins
minerals

Question 17

dehydration of brain cell may cause coma this type of coma is called

Answer 17

hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar non ketotic coma

Question 18

osmotic diuresis leads to

Answer 18

loss of water soluble vits causing polyneiritis, inflammation of peripheral nerves
loss of minerals as sodium and potassium

Question 19

excess ketone bodies, depletion of bicarbonate will result in

Answer 19

acidosis (ketoacidosis or ketosis)

Question 20

ketosis may lead to

Answer 20

hypercalcemia, and several cases to coma (ketotic coma)

Question 21

degeneration that affect small blood vessels as capillaries are called

Answer 21

microangiopathy

Question 22

what are the biochemical disturbances of diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

hyperglycemia
glycosuria
polyphagia
hyperphosphatemia
atherosclerosis
acidosis
coma
microangiopathy

Question 23

name the cells that insulin stimulates sugar transport

Answer 23

muscle and fat cells

Question 24

name the transport molecule of glucose in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 24

glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)

Question 25

name the transporter for brain which is nit a =n insulin dependent

Answer 25

GLUT 3

Question 26

value of glucose level on fasting and random that excludes the diagnosis of diabetes is

Answer 26

fasting : < 108 mg/dl
random : <144 mg/dl

Question 27

diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are

Answer 27

1. fasting plasma glucose level
2. two-hours post-prandial glucose level
3. random plasma glucose
4. glucose in urine
5. glycated protein
6. glycated hemoglobin
7. glycated albumin
8. microalbuminuria

Question 28

what are the types of coma result in advanced uncontrolled diabetes

Answer 28

1. ketotic coma : due to ketosis
2. hyperglycemic, hyper-osmolar, non ketotic coma: due to hyperglycemia
3. lactic acidosis: due to hyperlactatemia

Question 29

lactic acidosis occur in which type of patients

Answer 29

who receive oral hypoglycemic drug called phenformin