diabetes mellitus Flashcards
high blood glucose level occur because of
deficiency of insulin ( type 1)
decreased secretion or inability of tissue to respond to insulin (type 2)
type 1 diabetes is
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
type 2 diabetes is
noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
how body will respond if diabetes mellitus is untreated
as of it is starving
in which type of diabetes fuel stores are degraded in the face of high blood glucose level, and ketoacidosis
type 1
exposure of RBC to glucose result in
glycosylation of Hb
an increase in the HbA1c fraction above 6% of the total hb indicates
blood glucose level has been elevated during last 6-8 weeks
diabetes is a ____________ group of syndromes characterized by an elevation of fasting blood glucose that is caused by a _____________
heterogenous
relative or absolute deficiency of insulin
diabetes is the leading cause of
renal failure, adult blindness, nerve damage, heart attack, stroke
diabetes mellitus is a ________ accompanied by
chronic hyperglycemia
glucosuria
type 1 is caused by
destruction of beta cells in pancreas
factors responsible for type 1 are
- stimulus from environment ( viral infection)
- formation of antibodies against beta cells (leads to autoimmune condition called insulitis)
treatment for type 1
insulin therapy
most common form of diabetes mellitus
NIDDM( type 2)
what are the metabolic abnormalities of type 2
dysfunction of beta cell
resistance of insulin action at cellular level
based completely o genetic background
80% are obese
insulin deficiency cause disturbance in metabolism of
carbohydrate
lipids
protein
vitamins
minerals
dehydration of brain cell may cause coma this type of coma is called
hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar non ketotic coma
osmotic diuresis leads to
loss of water soluble vits causing polyneiritis, inflammation of peripheral nerves
loss of minerals as sodium and potassium
excess ketone bodies, depletion of bicarbonate will result in
acidosis (ketoacidosis or ketosis)
ketosis may lead to
hypercalcemia, and several cases to coma (ketotic coma)
degeneration that affect small blood vessels as capillaries are called
microangiopathy
what are the biochemical disturbances of diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
glycosuria
polyphagia
hyperphosphatemia
atherosclerosis
acidosis
coma
microangiopathy
name the cells that insulin stimulates sugar transport
muscle and fat cells
name the transport molecule of glucose in muscle and adipose tissue
glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)
name the transporter for brain which is nit a =n insulin dependent
GLUT 3
value of glucose level on fasting and random that excludes the diagnosis of diabetes is
fasting : < 108 mg/dl
random : <144 mg/dl
diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are
- fasting plasma glucose level
- two-hours post-prandial glucose level
- random plasma glucose
- glucose in urine
- glycated protein
- glycated hemoglobin
- glycated albumin
- microalbuminuria
what are the types of coma result in advanced uncontrolled diabetes
- ketotic coma : due to ketosis
- hyperglycemic, hyper-osmolar, non ketotic coma: due to hyperglycemia
- lactic acidosis: due to hyperlactatemia
lactic acidosis occur in which type of patients
who receive oral hypoglycemic drug called phenformin
