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biochemistry > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates are

A

biological macromolecule containing C=O and OH group.

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2
Q

major type of carbohydrates

A

sugar (saccharides)

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3
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

significant fraction of the dietary calories
storage form of energy
cell membrane components
structural component of organisms

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4
Q

glyceraldehyde is a
a) aldose , triose sugar
b)ketose , triose sugar
c) aldose ,pentose sugar
d)ketose ,hexose sugar

A

aldose, triose sugar

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5
Q

dihydroxyacetone is a
a) aldose , triose sugar
b)ketose , triose sugar
c) aldose ,pentose sugar
d)ketose ,hexose sugar

A

ketose, triose sugar

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6
Q

sugar building block of DNA

A

D-Ribose sugar

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7
Q

most common and important aldohexose sugar

A

glucose (building unit of starch, cellulose, and sucrose)

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8
Q

most common naturally occurring ketose sugar found in plants , bonded to glucose to form sucrose

A

D-Fructose

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9
Q

measurement of Hba1c levels can determine

A

glycemic control

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10
Q

compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different structure are called

A

isomers

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11
Q

examples of isomers

A

fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose isomers having chemical formula C6H12O6

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12
Q

epimers are

A

carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom

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13
Q

example of epimer

A

glucose and galactose {C4 epimer}
glucose and mannose {c-2 epimer}

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14
Q

why glucose and mannose are isomers but not epimer

A

differ in position of -oh grp in c-4 and c-2

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15
Q

special type of isomerism in the pair of structures that are mirror images of each other

A

enantiomers

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16
Q

the two members of the pair are designated as

A

D- nd L- sugar

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17
Q

vast majority of the sugar in humans are

A

D- sugar

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18
Q

difference between D- and L- isomers

A

-OH group on the asymmetric carbon that is farthest atom from the carbonyl carbon is on the
D- isomer: right
L-isomer: left

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19
Q

name the enzyme that can interconvert D- and L- isomers

A

Racemases
(enzymes are specific in binding either the D or L form)

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20
Q

less than 1% of each of the monosaccharides 5 or more carbon exist in which form in solution

A

open chain or acyclic

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21
Q

99% of monosaccharide found in solution are

A

ring or cyclic form

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22
Q

creation of anomeric carbon generate a new pair of isomer

A

α and β configurations (α-D-glucopyranose and β-D-glucopyranose)

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23
Q

alpha and beta are referred as

A

diastereomers (not mirror images)
enzymes can distinguish between these two structures and use one or the other preferentially

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24
Q

glycogen and cellulose are synthesized from

A

glycogen: α-D-glucopyranose
cellulose: β-D-glucopyranose.

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25
Q

the cyclic alpha and beta anomers of a sugar in a solution spontaneously form a equilibrium mixture the process is called

A

mutarotation

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26
Q

if hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized sugar is not linked to another compound by glycosidic bond

A

sugar act as a reducing agent (reducing sugar)

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27
Q

sugar that react with chromogenic agents causing reagent to be reduced and colored

A

reducing sugar (aldehyde group of acyclic sugar become oxidized

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28
Q

reducing sugar groups

A

all monosaccharides but not all disaccharides

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29
Q

test that can detect a reducing sugar in urine

A

colorimetric test

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30
Q

positive colorimetric test indicates

A

underlying pathology (sugars are normally present in urine)

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31
Q

monosaccharides can joint to form

A

disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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32
Q

lactose is made of

A

galactose + glucose

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33
Q

sucrose is made of

A

glucose + fructose

34
Q

maltose is made up of

A

glucose + glucose

35
Q

important polysaccharides which are polymer of glucose

A

branched - glycogen : animal source
-starch : plant source
unbranched - cellulose : plant source

36
Q

the bond that link sugar are called

A

glycosidic bond

37
Q

glycosidic bond is formed by enzyme known as

A

glycosytransferases

38
Q

glycosytransferases will use which as substrate

A

nucleotide sugar such as uridine diphosphate glucose

39
Q

glycosidic bonds between sugars are named according to the

A

numbers of the connected carbons

#with regards to the position of the anomeric hydroxyl group of the sugar involved in the bond

40
Q

name of bond with respect to the configuration are

A

β configuration - β-bond
α configuration - α-bond

41
Q

bond formation in lactose

A

b/w carbon 1 of β-galactose and carbon 4 of glucose
linkage is a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.

42
Q

why lactose remain as a reducing sugar

A

anomeric end of the glucose residue is not involved in the glycosidic linkage

43
Q

bond in maltose

A

α (1-4) glycosidic b/w c1 - c4 OHs of two glucoses
It is the of α anomer

44
Q

a disaccharides product of cellulose breakdown

A

cellobiose

45
Q

name of bond in cellobiose

A

β (1-4) glycosidic , β anomer

46
Q

carbohydrate that attached by glycosidic bonds to noncarbohydrate structures like
a) purine and pyrimidine
b)aromatic ring
c)proteins
d)lipids

A

a) nucleic acid
b) steroids and bilirubin
c) glycoproteins, proteoglycans
d) glycolipids

47
Q

carbohydrate that attached by glycosidic bonds to noncarbohydrate structures to form

A

glycosides

48
Q

the structure and bond of the group on the noncarbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an -NH2 group is

A

N-glycoside
N-glycosidic linkage

49
Q

if the group attached to sugar is an -OH called

A

O- glycoside
O-glycosidic linkage

50
Q

all sugar-sugar glycoside bonds are

A

O-type linkage

51
Q

how do living cell produce and utilize energy

A

most energy used through hydrolysis of ATP molecule into ADP molecule

52
Q

the prosses which ADP continually convert to ATP molecule as called

A

cellular respiration

53
Q

from where the cells will get energy for converting to ATP

A

breaks chemical bonds in glucose, releasing stored energy

54
Q

name the pathways used to release the energy from glucose and other food component

A
  1. glycolysis
    2.kreb cycle ( citric acid cycle)
  2. electron transport chain
  3. alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
55
Q

amt of energy released from glycolysis

A

2 net ATP

56
Q

Name the two pathways that lead after glycolysis in presence of oxygen

A

kreb’s cycle, ETC

57
Q

In absence of oxygen glycolysis is followed by

A

alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation

58
Q

glycolysis + krebs cycle +ETC combined make up

A

cellular respiration

59
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 ——- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

60
Q

oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (aerobic) or lactate (anaerobic) is

A

glycolysis

61
Q

site of glycolysis

A

cytoplasm of all tissue cells

62
Q

in which type of tissues glycolysis have physiological importance

A

tissues of no mitochondria : mature RBC

63
Q

which cell relays glycolysis exclusively for energy

A

RBC

64
Q

which is the source of energy for skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise

A

glycolysis

65
Q

how glycolysis help in adipose tissue and liver function

A

source of glycerol-p for triacylglycerol synthesis
source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis

66
Q

name the enzyme help on conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

A

hexokinase

67
Q

ATP produced, utilized, net energy produced in anaerobic glycolysis

A

produced: 4
utilized: 2
net energy: 2

68
Q

ATP produced utilized and net energy produced in aerobic respiration is

A

produced: 8-10
utilized: 2
net energy: 6-8

69
Q

regeneration of NAD+ in aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis are

A

through respiratory chain in mitochondria
through lactate formation

70
Q

oxygenation of tissue is done through the formation of

A

2,3 bis-phosphoglycerate (BPG) decreases the affinity of HB to o2

71
Q

what are the products of anaerobic fermentation

A

lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

72
Q

equation of alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvic acid + NADH  ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

73
Q

alcoholic fermentation occurs in

A

yeast

74
Q

name the catalyst in reaction of converting NADH to NAD+

A

alcohol dehydrogrnase

75
Q

name the processes which shares in carbohydrate metabolism

A

pyruvate carboxylation, decarboxylation

76
Q

lactic acid fermentation occurs in which type of organism

A

anaerobic organism lack a respiratory chain

77
Q

what is needed for the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction of glycolysis

A

NAD+

78
Q

the complete pathway, including glycolysis and reoxidation of NADH is called

A

fermentation

79
Q

what catalysis the reduction of the keto in pyruvate to a hydroxyl, yielding lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

80
Q

where will oxidization of pyruvate occur

A

liver

81
Q
A

biochemistry (12 decks)

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