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The Acutely Ill Adult > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What’s is diabetes Mellitus?

A

Lack of insulin secretion, inadequate utilisation of insulin or combo of both

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2
Q

What does DM affect?

A

Blood glucose lvl

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3
Q

In a person with no diabetes how does the body react to a raised blood sugar lvl

A

-pancreas releases insulin
-which then causes glucose 2 enter the cell for usage or stored as glycogen in the liver 4 later

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4
Q

In a person with no diabetes how does the body react to a low blood sugar

A

Pancreas releases glucagon
-which then causes the liver to release glycogen
-which turns into glucose to ^ BS lvls

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5
Q

What are the different types of diabetes Mellitus ?

A

-T1DM
-T2DM
-Prediabetes
- Gestational diabetes

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of T1DM

A
  • insulin dependent
  • genetic
  • younger onset
  • pancreas does not make insulin
  • DKA
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7
Q

What are the characteristic of T2DM

A

-Lifestyle element- obesity, diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking
- older onset
- can be managed with oral meds, diet, exercise
- root cause is insulin resistance / insufficiency

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8
Q

How does insulin affect blood glucose lvls

A

Reduces blood sugar lvls

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9
Q

How does glycogen affect blood sugar lvls

A

Increases blood sugar lvls

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10
Q

What are norm blood sugar lvls

A

-4-7mmol/L @ fasting
-5-9mmol/L 2hrs after eating
- 4-7mmol/L @bedtime

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11
Q

When does hypoglycaemia occur

A

When blood sugar <3.9 mmol/L

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12
Q

What can bring on a hypoglycaemic episode

A
  • ++ insulin
  • ++ oral diabetic meds
  • not enough food
  • ++ phys activity
  • ++ alcohol consumption
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13
Q

What is a phrase to help remember symptoms and treatment of hypo episode

A

‘’ I’m cold sweaty clammy…. Give me some candy’’

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14
Q

What are the S+S of hypoglycaemia

A
  • slurred speech
  • impaired coordination
  • sweaty + clammy
    -confused
    -dizziness
  • ++ hunger
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15
Q

What is the treatment for a hypoglycaemic episode

A
  • treat asap w 15g of fast acting carbohydrates eg. Sweets, lucozade etc
  • if can’t swallow etc - IV dextrose
  • retest BM after 10/15mins and if still <3.8 -4.0 mmol/l - retreat -
  • when BM norm - give slow acting carbohydrate to counteract sugar drop eg. Sandwich
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16
Q

What indications show when a pt is hyperglycaemic a nd when do the symptoms start 2 show ?

A

-Hyperglycaemic when BM lvl >10mmol/L
- symptoms when BM is consistently >15 mmol/L

17
Q

What are the S&S of hyperglycaemia ?

A
  • 3 P’s : polyuria ( ++ urination)
    Polydipsia ( ++ thirst )
    Polyphagia ( ++ hunger)
  • fatigue
    -nausea
  • re-current infections
  • blurred vision
18
Q

What are some of the short-term complications of diabetes

A
  • hyperglycaemia
    -hypoglycaemia
    -DKA
19
Q

What are some of the Longterm complications of diabetes

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • retinopathy
    -neuropathy
  • renal disease
20
Q

What is the advice you would give to diabetics on diabetes management

A
  • monitor BMs and know no.s
  • attend regular planned check up w GP etc
  • attend retinal screening programmes
  • learn to recognise and report any concerns
  • take meds and insulin as prescribed
  • educate yourself
21
Q

What are the different types of diabetic medications ?

A
  • metformin (glucophage)
  • diamicron ( glyclazide)
  • insulin
22
Q

What are the different types of insulin ?

A

-long acting
- short acting
- bi-physic

23
Q

What are the meds given for insulin resistance ?

A
  • januvia
  • janumet ( januvia & metformin )
24
Q

What are some of the dietary advice you would give 2 someone w T1DM

A
  • healthy diet w emphasis on - fat and - sugar intake
  • reg meals and snack + do not skip meals - hypo episode
  • reduce salt intake
  • reduce alcohol intake + keep to safe max alco intake lvl
  • do not drink on empty stomach
  • starchy foods w each meal
  • ^ carbohydrates b4 exercise - exercise on empty stomach - hypo episode
  • ^ fruit, veg and fibre in diet
  • portion control
  • glycemic index 4 reference
25
Q

What is the advice you would give to a T1D in relation to insulin mgt?

A
  • familiar w action of different types of insulin
  • correct method of admin and injection tech
  • know injection sites : upper thighs, abdo area, outer aspects of arms, buttocks
  • overuse of one site - lipohypotrophy- loss of sensitivity + affect absorption of insulin - rotate inj site
  • correct disposal of needles - sharps box
26
Q

What is the advice you would give in relation to exercise to a diabetic ?

A
  • reg exercise - 2.5hrs mod activity
  • maintain healthy wgt - ^ insulin absorption : ++ fat around stomach area can hinder insulin absorption
  • ^ carbo intake b4 exercise- do not exercise on empty stomach : hypo episode
  • alleviates stress
  • aids BP + glycemic control

The Acutely Ill Adult (10 decks)

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