Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What’s is diabetes Mellitus?
Lack of insulin secretion, inadequate utilisation of insulin or combo of both
What does DM affect?
Blood glucose lvl
In a person with no diabetes how does the body react to a raised blood sugar lvl
-pancreas releases insulin
-which then causes glucose 2 enter the cell for usage or stored as glycogen in the liver 4 later
In a person with no diabetes how does the body react to a low blood sugar
Pancreas releases glucagon
-which then causes the liver to release glycogen
-which turns into glucose to ^ BS lvls
What are the different types of diabetes Mellitus ?
-T1DM
-T2DM
-Prediabetes
- Gestational diabetes
What are the characteristics of T1DM
- insulin dependent
- genetic
- younger onset
- pancreas does not make insulin
- DKA
What are the characteristic of T2DM
-Lifestyle element- obesity, diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking
- older onset
- can be managed with oral meds, diet, exercise
- root cause is insulin resistance / insufficiency
How does insulin affect blood glucose lvls
Reduces blood sugar lvls
How does glycogen affect blood sugar lvls
Increases blood sugar lvls
What are norm blood sugar lvls
-4-7mmol/L @ fasting
-5-9mmol/L 2hrs after eating
- 4-7mmol/L @bedtime
When does hypoglycaemia occur
When blood sugar <3.9 mmol/L
What can bring on a hypoglycaemic episode
- ++ insulin
- ++ oral diabetic meds
- not enough food
- ++ phys activity
- ++ alcohol consumption
What is a phrase to help remember symptoms and treatment of hypo episode
‘’ I’m cold sweaty clammy…. Give me some candy’’
What are the S+S of hypoglycaemia
- slurred speech
- impaired coordination
- sweaty + clammy
-confused
-dizziness - ++ hunger
What is the treatment for a hypoglycaemic episode
- treat asap w 15g of fast acting carbohydrates eg. Sweets, lucozade etc
- if can’t swallow etc - IV dextrose
- retest BM after 10/15mins and if still <3.8 -4.0 mmol/l - retreat -
- when BM norm - give slow acting carbohydrate to counteract sugar drop eg. Sandwich
What indications show when a pt is hyperglycaemic a nd when do the symptoms start 2 show ?
-Hyperglycaemic when BM lvl >10mmol/L
- symptoms when BM is consistently >15 mmol/L
What are the S&S of hyperglycaemia ?
- 3 P’s : polyuria ( ++ urination)
Polydipsia ( ++ thirst )
Polyphagia ( ++ hunger) - fatigue
-nausea - re-current infections
- blurred vision
What are some of the short-term complications of diabetes
- hyperglycaemia
-hypoglycaemia
-DKA
What are some of the Longterm complications of diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- retinopathy
-neuropathy - renal disease
What is the advice you would give to diabetics on diabetes management
- monitor BMs and know no.s
- attend regular planned check up w GP etc
- attend retinal screening programmes
- learn to recognise and report any concerns
- take meds and insulin as prescribed
- educate yourself
What are the different types of diabetic medications ?
- metformin (glucophage)
- diamicron ( glyclazide)
- insulin
What are the different types of insulin ?
-long acting
- short acting
- bi-physic
What are the meds given for insulin resistance ?
- januvia
- janumet ( januvia & metformin )
What are some of the dietary advice you would give 2 someone w T1DM
- healthy diet w emphasis on - fat and - sugar intake
- reg meals and snack + do not skip meals - hypo episode
- reduce salt intake
- reduce alcohol intake + keep to safe max alco intake lvl
- do not drink on empty stomach
- starchy foods w each meal
- ^ carbohydrates b4 exercise - exercise on empty stomach - hypo episode
- ^ fruit, veg and fibre in diet
- portion control
- glycemic index 4 reference
