Diabetes intro pathophysiology

Question 1

Pancreas

Answer 1

plays a fundamental role in digestive enzymes and hormones

Question 2

Exocrine

Answer 2

Digestion break down

Question 3

Endocrine

Answer 3

Regulates immediate utilization and storage of food energy

Question 4

Alpha cells

Answer 4

secrete glucagon

effective breakdown of liver glycogen and increase glucose levels in the blood

Question 5

beta cells

Answer 5

secrete insulin and amylin

increase uptake of glucose into cells and facilitate conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Question 6

Insulin is a __ hormone

Answer 6

anabolic

Question 7

insulin is a key regulatory hormone of

Answer 7

glucose disappearance

Question 8

insulin secretion is regulated by glucose and incretin hormones

Answer 8

Increased during absorptive state and decreased during

post-absorptive state

Question 9

Insulin effects live, muscle and adipose tissues

Answer 9

-Inhibit hepatic glucose production and glucagon
secretion
-Stimulate glycogenesis in liver
-Stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissue

Question 10

Amylin

Answer 10

Co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli

• Inhibits postprandial glucose excursions:
• Suppresses digestive secretions
• Slows gastric emptying

Question 11

Glucagon is a ___hormone

Answer 11

catabolic

Question 12

Glucagon is a major regulator of

Answer 12

glucose appearance

Question 13

glucagon works ___ to insulin

Answer 13

antagonistically

Question 14

glucagon release is inhibited by

Answer 14

increase in glucose levels and the presence of fatty acids and ketones

Question 15

glucose release is stimulated by

Answer 15

decrease in glucose levels and presence of amino acids

Question 16

pancreatic hormones

Answer 16

glucagon

insulin

amylin

Question 17

counter-regulatory hormones

Answer 17

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Growth hormone

Cortisol

Question 18

Glucagon

Answer 18

promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis,

increases release of fatty acids from adipose cells

Question 19

Epinephrine

Answer 19

increases the use of fat for energy, promotes

glycogenolysis, inhibits insulin release

Question 20

Growth Hormone

Answer 20

decreases the peripheral use of glucose

Question 21

Cortisol

Answer 21

critical during periods of fasting and starvation;

increase gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Counter-regulatory hormones (overall)

Answer 22

Counteract the storage functions of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels
during periods of fasting, exercise, stress, and other situations that either limit
glucose intake or deplete glucose stores

Question 23

Normal Fed State

Answer 23

increase glucose –> pancreatic B cells release insulin –> insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells –> insulin stimulates glycogenesis in the liver (glucose to glycogen) –> levels return to normal

Question 24

Normal fasting state

Answer 24

decrease in glucose –> pancreatic a cells release glucagon –> glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver and release of glucose to plasma –> normal levels return

Question 25

Function of gut

Answer 25

Oral ingestion of food
stimulates release of
incretin hormones from
the small intestine

Question 26

GLP-1 is released from

Answer 26

L cells of ileum and

colon

Question 27

GIP released from

Answer 27

k cells of duodenum

Question 28

GIP

Answer 28

-Acts at β cell
-Enhances glucose-
dependent insulin
secretion
-May act as an insulin
sensitizer in adipocytes
-GIP has no effect on
glucagon secretion, gastric
motility, or satiety

Question 29

GLP-1

Answer 29

-Acts at α and β cells
-Enhances glucose-
dependent insulin
secretion
-Suppresses glucagon
secretion
-Slows gastric emptying
-Has a satiety effect on the
brain

Question 30

Active GLP-1 and GIP made inactive by

Answer 30

DPP-4 enzyme

Question 31

Role of kidney in glucose regulation

Answer 31

glucose filtration in glomerulus

glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule

minimal glucose excretion in collecting duct