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Systemic Diseases > Diabetes And Endocrinology > Flashcards

Diabetes And Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes?

A

High blood sugar

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2
Q

What is the WHO classification of diabetes?

A

Normal- fasting plasma glucose <6.0, 2hr post prandial plasma glucose <7.8
Diabetes- fasting plasma glucose >7.0, 2hr post prandial >11.1
Impaired glucose tolerance- fasting <7.0, 2hr post prandial 7.8-11.1
Impaired fasting glucose- fasting 6.0-6.9, 2hr post prandial <7.8

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3
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A

HbA1c (average blood glucose)

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4
Q

What are the types of diabetes?

A 
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational diabetes 
Drug-induced diabetes 
Genetic 
Secondary- pancreatitis, Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly
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5
Q

What is the difference in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1- autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells

Type 2- insulin resistance +/- pancreatic failure

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Ketosis

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7
Q

What are the symptom of type 2 diabetes?

A

May be asymptomatic
Hyperglycaemic symptoms
Fatigue
Complications of diabetes

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8
Q

What is the management of type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin- rapid acting (novorapid), short acting, intermediate acing, long acting (levemir)

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9
Q

What is the management of type 2 diabetes?

A

Diet and lifestyle changes

Drug therapy- metformin, thiazolidinediones

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10
Q

What are some common emergencies in diabetes?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
Hypoglycaemia

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11
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Underactive thyroid glands- low fT4, high TSH

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12
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism?

A 
Fatigue 
Weight gain 
Heavy periods 
Cold intolerance 
Lethargic appearance 
Dry skin 
Dry and brittle hair 
Outer eyebrows lost 
Bradycardia
Slow relaxing reflexes 
Goitre
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13
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Over active thyroid gland- high fT4 (thyroxine), low TSH

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Fatigue 
Weight loss
Light periods 
Heat intolerance 
Tremor 
Warm sweating palms 
Goitre 
Pressure of speech 
Emotional lability 
Tachycardia
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15
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

An immune system disorder that results in the over production of thyroid hormones

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16
Q

What is the treatment of Grave’s disease?

A

Drugs- carbimazole
Radioactive iodine therapy
Surgery

17
Q

What are the signs of thyroid cancer?

A

Cervical lymphadenopathy
Thyroid nodule hard
Goitre
Hoarseness

18
Q

What is the treatment for thyroid cancer?

A

Surgery

Radioactive iodine therapy

19
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A 
Anterior-
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Lutenising hormone 
Growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Prolactin 
Posterior-
Antidiuretic hormone 
Oxytocin
20
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

A hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood

21
Q

What are the symptoms of acromegaly?

A

Headache
Sweating
Loss of peripheral viison

22
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

Prognathism
Separation of teeth
Coarse facial features
Doughy skin cancer

23
Q

What is the diagnosis of acromegaly?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

24
Q

What is the treatment of acromegaly?

A

Surgery

Somatostatin analogues

25
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

A condition caused by having too much cortisol in your body

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Weight gain
Muscle weakness
Amenorrhoea

27
Q

What are the signs of Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
Buffalo hump 
Striae 
Cervical fat pad 
Osteoporosis
Proximal myopathy
28
Q

How is Cushing’s syndrome diagnosed?

A

24 hour urinary free cortisol
Dexamethasone suppression test
Differential- imaging, vein sampling

29
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Ketonazole

Mitotane

30
Q

What is paechromocytoma?

A

Tumour of the adrenal glands

31
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?

A 
Headaches 
Palpitations 
Sweating 
Tachycardia
Hypertension 
Family history 
Pale 
Clammy
Neuromas on the tongue and around the mouth
32
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones?

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A 
Weight loss 
Postural dizziness 
Neuroglycopenia
Family history 
Low BP 
Pigmentation
34
Q

What is the treatment of Addison’s disease?

A

Glucocorticoid- hydrocortisone 15mg

Mineralocorticoid- fludrocortisone

Systemic Diseases (21 decks)

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