Diabetes Flashcards
what is the normal plasma glucose level?
Homeostatic mechanisms of the body generally maintain glucose at a level <6.0 nmol/L
autonomic symptoms, able to self-treat
mild hypoglycemia
autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, able to self–treat
moderate hypoglycemia
unable to self-treat, requires assistance, unconsciousness may occur
severe hypoglycemia
what is the blood glucose for severe hypoglycemia?
<2.8 mmol/L
Generally hypoglycemia occurs when BG levels are between _____
2.5-3.3 mmol/L
etiology in diabetes
- relative excess of insulin in the blood
- deficits in glucose counterregulation
____ occur due to an abrupt cessation of glucose delivery to the brain
neuroglycopenic symptoms
treatment for mild to moderate hypoglycemia
15 g carb - 2.1 mmol/L increase within 20 mins
treatment for severe-conscious hypoglycemia
20g carb - 3.6 mmol/L increase at 45 mins
treatment in unconscious person with severe hypoglycemia >5 years of age
- 1 mh glucagon SC or IM
- IV glucose 10-25 over 1-3 mins
Acid-base imbalance specifically metabolic acidosis due to ketoacidosis is always present in ___
DKA
Electrolyte imbalances occurs due to
metabolic acidosis and osmotic diuresis
The result of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is
hyperglycemia
total body deficit of water in adults in DKA
5-7 L
total body deficit of water in adults in HHNKS
7-12 L
acteone breath and Kussmaul-Kein respiration present
DKA
glucose > 14 mmol/L
DKA
glucose > 34 mmol/L
HHNKS
pH is usually normal in ….
HHNKS
has severe ECFV depletion (osmolality >320)
HHNKS
- Is an alternative metabolic pathway for tissues not requiring insulin for glucose transport.
- These include the kidney, RBCs, blood vessels, eye lens, and nerves
Polyol Pathway
sorbitol + fructose -> increased intracellular osmotic pressure -> cell injury
polyol pathway
basement membrane components in the microcirculation
Glycoproteins or AGEs
