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Pathophysiology - year 3 > Alterations in Reproductive Function > Flashcards

Alterations in Reproductive Function Flashcards

1
Q

the main hormonal feedback pathway responsible for the reproductive system

A

HPO axis

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2
Q

the first menstrual cycle achieved

A

menarche

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3
Q

the opening from the uterus through the cervix into the vagina

A

os

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4
Q

the top of the uterus, during pregnancy this can be used as one measurement point for monitoring growth of the fetus

A

fundus

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5
Q

failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex, noting that if the female partner is over 35 years then the interval is shortened to 6 months

A

infertility

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6
Q

where a small catheter is passed into the uterus via the vagina and cervix so that the semen may be instilled directly into the uterus.

A

IUI (intra-uterine insemination)

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7
Q

the process by which the ova and semen are collected from the individuals and mixed together to permit fertilization to occur and after 3-5 days later 1-2 growing embryos are returned to the uterus, any remaining fertilized ova can be frozen for future attempts

A

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

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8
Q

the period of time from conception to the birth of the infant

A

prenatal or antenatal

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9
Q

the period of time from the delivery of the infant until complete resolution of the body to the pre-pregnant state, (usually 6-8 weeks)

A

post-natal

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10
Q

the number of deliveries that a women has had over 20 weeks gestation

A

parity

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11
Q

total number of pregnancies

A

Gravida

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12
Q

total # of deliveries over 37 weeks gestation

A

term

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13
Q

total # of deliveries between 20-37 weeks

A

Preterm

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14
Q

spontaneous or therapeutic

A

abortions

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15
Q

of living children

A

Living (L)

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16
Q

the point at which should a fetus deliver there is a reasonable expectation of survival, usually defined as 500gm or more than 20 weeks gestation.

A

viability

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17
Q

when the fetal head size has grown larger than can be passed vaginally

A

macrosomia

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18
Q

the amount of amniotic fluid is more than 2 standard deviations above the norm for gestational age.

A

polyhydramnios

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19
Q

when does sexual differentiation occur for an embryo?

A

7th week gestation

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20
Q

what is the testes determining factor?

A

SRY protein on male (Y) chromosome

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21
Q

stimulates the growth of follicles of the ovaries to produce estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.

A

FSH

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22
Q

responsible for stimulating the ovulation

A

LH

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23
Q

development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures, secondary female characteristics such as adipose tissue deposition, voice pitch, broad pelvis and pattern of hair growth.

A

estrogen

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24
Q

can work synergistically with human growth hormone, it can increase protein synthesis including bones.

A

estrogen

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25
Q

is secreted mainly by the cells of the corpus luteum in the last 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle.

A

progesterone

26
Q

It works with estrogen to prepare and maintain the endometrium and to prepare the mammary glands for lactation.

A

progesterone

27
Q

is produced by the corpus luteum and it has a role to play with the relaxation of the uterine smooth muscle.

A

relaxin

28
Q

is secreted by the granulosa cells of the follicles and together with the levels of estrogen and progesterone, these hormones provide feedback for the HPO axis, either stimulating or inhibiting further release of FSH and LH.

A

inhibin

29
Q

normal range of menstrual cycle

A

24-36 days

30
Q

when the uterus sheds all but the deepest layers of the endometrium - about 50-150mL of blood, tissue, fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells.

A

menstrual phase

day 1-5

31
Q

menstruation is due to decreased amount of ___

A

progesterone and estrogen

32
Q

This phase is the proliferative phase of the uterus as estrogen promotes the endometrial growth.
Maturation of the dominant follicle occurs due to FSH.

A

pre-ovulatory phase

day 6-14

33
Q

The secondary oocyte is released into the pelvic cavity, surrounded by the zone pelucida and corona radiata.

A

Ovulation

Day 14

34
Q

the progesterone and estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum causes further growth and coiling of the endometrial glands and thickening of the endometrium, all in preparation for a fertilized ovum.

A

Post-ovulatory phase

Day 15-28

35
Q

fertilized ovum

A

zygote

36
Q

Up to 2 weeks this collection of rapidly proliferating cells is called the ___

A

blastocyst

37
Q

2-8 weeks gestation

A

embryo

38
Q

8 weeks to birth

A

fetus

39
Q

marker used to detect pregnancy in urine & blood

A

hCG - human chorionic gonadotope hormone

40
Q

is specifically produced during pregnancy and the role is to maintain the corpus luteum, which produces the increasing amounts of progesterone needed to support and thicken the uterine lining

A

hCG

41
Q

is a stage of rapid development of the ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal layers for all the structures and systems in the human embryo and fetus.

A

embryogenesis

42
Q

The _____ divides rapidly and creates small finger-like projections to the uterine myometrium to begin to form the chorionic villi.

A

trophoblast

43
Q

The ____ fills in these projections with branches of umbilical vessels so that they become vascularized.

A

mesoderm

44
Q

At ___ weeks, the chorionic villi and intervillous spaces or maternal sinuses has blood flowing and can facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.

A

10-14 weeks

45
Q

is a membranous sac that surrounds the developing fetus and provides protection as the fetus grows.

A

The amnion

46
Q

carries oxygenated blood to the fetus

A

umbilical vein

47
Q

remove deoxygenated blood

A

umbilical arterties

48
Q

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

49
Q

return the oxygenated blood to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

50
Q

in which the major umbilical vessels separate in the fetal membranes before reaching the placental disk.

A

Velamentous

51
Q

vessels are seen running unprotected through the membranes

A

vasa previa

52
Q

Results from a lack of formation of a normal decidual plate. The chorionic villi extend into myometrium, and the placenta cannot separate normally following delivery and severe hemorrhage results.

A

Placenta accreta

53
Q

is a condition whereby the placenta forms so that it is either completely or partially covering the uterine os.

A

placental previa

54
Q
  • maintain endometrium of uterus during pregnancy
  • help prepare mammary glands for lactation
  • prepare mother’s body for birth of baby
A

Progesterone

Estrogens

55
Q
  • increases flexibility of pubic symphysis

- helps dilate uterine cervix during labour

A

Relaxin

56
Q
  • helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
  • enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis
  • decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production
A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

57
Q
  • Establishes the timing of birth

- increases secretion of cortisol

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

58
Q

the uterine isthmus becomes soft and compressible

A

Hegar’s sign

59
Q

a glycoprotein that binds testosterone and estradiol in the circulation to make them inactive, thus there will be more biologically active steroids available.

A

serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

60
Q

done to evaluate the patency of the fallopian tubes

A

HSG

hysterosalpingography

61
Q

least invasive and involves instilling the semen directly into the uterus

A

IUI

intrauterine insemination

62
Q

is a process whereby the ova and sperm are combined outside the body, permitted to develop for 3-5 days and then the resultant zygotes are transferred into the woman’s uterus.

A

in vitro fertilization

Pathophysiology - year 3 (8 decks)

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