Diabetes

Question 1

What autoantibodies are found in Type 1 DM

Answer 1

ICA: Islet cell antibody, detectable years before disease onset.
Found in 60-80% of new diagnoses.

GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase. also present before the disease

IAA: Insulin autoantibodies. 100% of children diagnosed before age 5.
much lower after age 15.

Ia-2: Islet antigen 2

Question 2

What are the classifications of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 2

Type 1
Type 2

LADA, type 1.5

Gestational Diabetes mellitus

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young: MODY
Caused by: Genetic defects of beta-cell functions

Gross/Exocrine Pancreatic defects: Pancreatitis, trauma, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis.

Endocrinopathies: Acromegaly, Cushings, Hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma.

Type 1 heritable non-autoimmune diabetes

Question 3

Normal levels of glycated hemoglobin and its the abbreviation for glycated hemoglobin

Answer 3

Hb A1c

Greater than 6.5% is diabetic
4-6% is normal

Question 4

Normal Albuminuria level

Low grade albuminuria

Macroalbuminuria:

Answer 4

< 20 ug/min
< 20 mg/day

20-200 ug/min

> 200 ug/min