Diabetes Flashcards
What is the primary dietary approach for managing type 2 diabetes?
a) A high-sugar diet to prevent hypoglycemia
b) A balanced diet with controlled carbohydrate intake and fiber-rich foods
c) Eliminating all carbohydrates from the diet
d) Eating large meals to reduce insulin resistance
b) A balanced diet with controlled carbohydrate intake and fiber-rich foods
Which laboratory value is most commonly used to assess long-term blood glucose control in diabetics?
a) Fasting blood glucose
b) Hemoglobin A1c
c) Insulin levels
d) C-reactive protein
b) Hemoglobin A1c
Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
a) Glucagon
b) Cortisol
c) Insulin
d) Epinephrine
c) Insulin
Which of the following is the diagnostic threshold for diabetes mellitus based on fasting blood glucose?
a) ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
b) ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
c) ≥140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
d) ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
b) ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
Which test provides an estimate of average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months?
a) Random blood glucose test
b) Hemoglobin A1c
c) Fasting blood glucose
d) Oral glucose tolerance test
b) Hemoglobin A1c
Which of the following best describes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Characterized by insulin resistance
b) Caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Usually diagnosed in adults over 45
d) Can be managed without insulin
b) Caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What is a major risk associated with poorly controlled Type 1 Diabetes?
a) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
c) Increased production of insulin
d) Increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Which of the following is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes?
a) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
b) Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction
c) Insufficient glucagon production
d) Genetic mutation in insulin receptors
b) Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction
Which dietary intervention is recommended for managing Type 2 Diabetes?
a) High glycemic index diet
b) Carbohydrate counting and balanced macronutrient intake
c) High saturated fat intake
d) Eliminating all carbohydrates
b) Carbohydrate counting and balanced macronutrient intake
Gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing which condition later in life?
a) Osteoporosis
b) Type 2 Diabetes
c) Crohn’s disease
d) Iron-deficiency anemia
b) Type 2 Diabetes
Which test is commonly used to diagnose gestational diabetes?
a) Hemoglobin A1c
b) Fasting glucose test
c) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
d) Random glucose test
c) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Which is the best immediate treatment for hypoglycemia?
a) Eating a high-fat meal
b) Drinking a glass of water
c) Consuming 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates
d) Taking an insulin injection
c) Consuming 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates
Which condition is associated with hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes?
a) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
b) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
c) Hypoglycemic shock
d) Cushing’s syndrome
b) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperglycemia?
a) Frequent urination
b) Extreme thirst
c) Increased energy levels
d) Blurred vision
c) Increased energy levels
Which of the following is the best approach to managing Type 2 Diabetes through diet?
a) Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet
b) Carbohydrate counting and glycemic index consideration
c) Completely eliminating all carbohydrates
d) High-protein, high-fat diet
b) Carbohydrate counting and glycemic index consideration
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
a) It is often managed without insulin
b) It is associated with insulin resistance
c) It results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
d) It is most commonly diagnosed in adulthood
c) It results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Which test is used to confirm a diagnosis of gestational diabetes?
a) Random blood glucose test
b) Hemoglobin A1c
c) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
d) C-peptide test
c) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for hypoglycemia in a conscious patient?
a) 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as juice
b) A high-fat meal
c) An additional dose of insulin
d) Drinking water
a) 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates, such as juice
Which symptom is most associated with hyperglycemia?
a) Excessive sweating
b) Polyuria and polydipsia
c) Tremors and dizziness
d) Bradycardia
b) Polyuria and polydipsia
Case:
A 54-year-old male with Type 2 Diabetes has an HbA1c of 8.5%. He is overweight (BMI = 30) and has been experiencing fatigue and frequent urination. His current medications include metformin. His diet consists of high glycemic index foods, and he is mostly sedentary.
What is the most appropriate first step in managing his diabetes?
a) Start insulin therapy immediately
b) Increase carbohydrate intake for energy
c) Recommend dietary modifications and increased physical activity
d) Stop metformin and switch to a low-fat diet
c) Recommend dietary modifications and increased physical activity
Case:
A 54-year-old male with Type 2 Diabetes has an HbA1c of 8.5%. He is overweight (BMI = 30) and has been experiencing fatigue and frequent urination. His current medications include metformin. His diet consists of high glycemic index foods, and he is mostly sedentary.
Which additional lab test would provide insight into his long-term glucose control?
a) Random blood glucose test
b) C-peptide test
c) Hemoglobin A1c
d) Serum ketones
c) Hemoglobin A1c
Case:
A 54-year-old male with Type 2 Diabetes has an HbA1c of 8.5%. He is overweight (BMI = 30) and has been experiencing fatigue and frequent urination. His current medications include metformin. His diet consists of high glycemic index foods, and he is mostly sedentary.
If his blood glucose remains uncontrolled despite lifestyle changes and metformin, what is the next best pharmacologic option?
a) Sulfonylureas
b) GLP-1 receptor agonists
c) Beta-blockers
d) Insulin pump therapy
b) GLP-1 receptor agonists
Case:
A 45-year-old woman with Type 1 Diabetes reports experiencing sweating, shakiness, and confusion during the night. She takes long-acting insulin at bedtime and does not eat a snack before sleep. Her fasting blood glucose is often below 70 mg/dL in the morning.
What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
a) Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
b) Nocturnal hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin
c) Dehydration from high-sodium intake
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
b) Nocturnal hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin
Case:
A 45-year-old woman with Type 1 Diabetes reports experiencing sweating, shakiness, and confusion during the night. She takes long-acting insulin at bedtime and does not eat a snack before sleep. Her fasting blood glucose is often below 70 mg/dL in the morning.
Which strategy could help prevent her nocturnal hypoglycemia?
a) Reducing carbohydrate intake before bedtime
b) Adding a small bedtime snack containing protein and carbohydrates
c) Increasing her long-acting insulin dose
d) Avoiding fluids before bed
b) Adding a small bedtime snack containing protein and carbohydrates
Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
b) Increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues
c) Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction
d) Decreased glucose production in the liver
c) Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction
Which of the following statements about Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is true?
a) It is always permanent after pregnancy
b) It increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes later in life
c) It is best managed with a high-glycemic index diet
d) It only affects women with a family history of diabetes
b) It increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes later in life
patient with Type 1 Diabetes takes a rapid-acting insulin injection before meals. Which of the following meals is most appropriate to consume immediately after the injection?
a) A high-protein, low-carb meal
b) A high-fiber meal with no carbohydrates
c) A balanced meal including complex carbohydrates
d) No meal is required
c) A balanced meal including complex carbohydrates
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypoglycemia?
a) Confusion and irritability
b) Sweating and dizziness
c) Polyuria and polydipsia
d) Shakiness and hunger
c) Polyuria and polydipsia (these are symptoms of hyperglycemia)
Which of the following patients is at the highest risk for severe hypoglycemia?
a) A patient with Type 2 Diabetes on metformin
b) A patient with Type 1 Diabetes using an insulin pump
c) A patient with prediabetes on lifestyle modification
d) A patient with gestational diabetes managed with diet alone
b) A patient with Type 1 Diabetes using an insulin pump
A diabetic patient with frequent hyperglycemia is advised to monitor their carbohydrate intake. Which of the following strategies would be most effective?
a) Eliminating all carbohydrates
b) Choosing high-glycemic index foods
c) Using carbohydrate counting and spreading intake throughout the day
d) Consuming a single large meal per day
c) Using carbohydrate counting and spreading intake throughout the day
Case:
A 45-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. Her fasting blood glucose is 8.2 mmol/L (147 mg/dL), and her HbA1c is 7.5%. She has a sedentary lifestyle and consumes a diet high in processed carbohydrates.
What is the first-line lifestyle intervention recommended for this patient?
a) Start an intensive ketogenic diet
b) Implement regular physical activity and balanced carbohydrate intake
c) Avoid all sugars and consume only protein
d) Take insulin immediately
b) Implement regular physical activity and balanced carbohydrate intake
