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Year 3 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal plasma glucose range?

A

Between 3.9 mmol/L and 5.6 mmol/L

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2
Q

What is the normal venous lactate range?

A

Between 4 mmol/L and 6 mmol/L

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3
Q

What is the role of C-peptides in insulin production?

A

Important in the correct folding of insulin and released along with insulin by pancreatic beta cells

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4
Q

What indicates low insulin levels?

A

Low C-peptide levels

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5
Q

According to WHO 2006, what are the symptoms required for a diabetes diagnosis?

A

Diabetes symptoms including weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria for Type 1

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6
Q

What is the random venous glucose level that indicates diabetes?

A

11.1 mmol/L or more

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7
Q

What fasting blood glucose level indicates diabetes?

A

Over 7.1 mmol/L

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8
Q

What two-hour plasma glucose level indicates diabetes?

A

Over 11.1 mmol/L

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9
Q

How many tests are required for a diabetes diagnosis?

A

Evidence from at least two tests on two separate days

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10
Q

What fasting glucose level indicates gestational diabetes?

A

Over 5.6 mmol/L

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11
Q

What two-hour glucose level indicates gestational diabetes?

A

Over 7.8 mmol/L

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12
Q

What is the cutoff point for HbA1c?

A

Over 48 mmol/L

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13
Q

Is HbA1c appropriate for diagnosing diabetes in children?

A

No

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14
Q

What conditions may make HbA1c inaccurate?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Medications like steroids
  • Pregnancy
  • Patients on haemodialysis
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15
Q

What investigations are included for diabetes?

A
  • Estimated glomerular filtration rate
  • Lipid profile
  • Serum creatinine
  • Sensation testing
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16
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune cell-mediated destruction of beta cells

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17
Q

What HLA types are associated with Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • HLA-DR3 (Coeliacs)
  • HLA-DR4 (Hashimoto’s disease)
18
Q

What is the autoantigen associated with Type 1 diabetes?

A

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)

19
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Weight loss
  • Ketoacidosis
  • Fruity smelly breath/acetone
  • Fatigue
20
Q

What environmental triggers are associated with Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Infections
21
Q

What are the autoantigens in Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Cytoplasm of islet cells
  • Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
  • Islet tyrosine phosphatase
22
Q

What is the most common autoantigen in Type 1 diabetes?

A

GAD65

23
Q

What characterizes Stage 1 of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Asymptomatic with normal fasting glucose and presence of 2 pancreatic autoantibodies

24
Q

What characterizes Stage 2 of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Asymptomatic with dysglycaemia, raised HbA1c between 5.7 to 6.4, and impaired glucose tolerance

25
Q

What characterizes Stage 3 of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Symptomatic hyperglycaemia, polydipsia, polyuria, unintentional weight loss

26
Q

Why is screening recommended for first or second degree relatives of Type 1 diabetes patients?

A

Due to the heritability of autoimmune disease

27
Q

What common symptoms are shared by both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Polyuria
28
Q

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

A

Defective insulin secretion of pancreatic B cells and insulin insensitivity

29
Q

What is associated with metabolic syndrome in Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Low HDL
  • High LDL
  • High VLDL
  • Increased waist circumference
30
Q

What happens when glucose levels are high in pancreatic beta cells?

A

B cells take up glucose from the GLUT2 receptor leading to insulin release

31
Q

What is the effect of low blood glucose on insulin release?

A

Prevents K+ channel efflux, inhibiting Ca2+ influx and preventing insulin release

32
Q

What is the process of pre-proinsulin maturation?

A

Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, translocated into vesicles in the Golgi apparatus

33
Q

What is Late Autoimmune Diabetes (LADA)?

A

Diabetes onset after age 30 associated with autoantibodies against islet beta cells

34
Q

What are the symptoms of LADA?

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyuria
  • Weight loss
  • Visual changes
  • Neuropathic symptoms
35
Q

What risk factors are associated with LADA?

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Low birth weight
  • High consumption of carbohydrate-rich food
36
Q

What treatment should be avoided in LADA and why?

A

Sulphonylurea because it worsens pancreatic beta cell function and C-peptide levels

37
Q

What is Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)?

A

An autosomal dominant condition caused by a monogenic mutation disrupting pancreatic beta cell function

38
Q

What is the most common mutation associated with MODY?

A

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1

39
Q

What is the prognosis of MODY dependent on?

A

Dependent on the subtype

40
Q

What is a key feature of MODY?

A

Family history where at least one parent has diabetes

41
Q

What is the typical management for MODY2?

A

Lifestyle and dietary modifications

42
Q

What is the most common medication prescribed for young people with MODY?

A
  • Metformin
  • Sulphonylurea

Year 3 (31 decks)

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