Diabetes Flashcards
Where does the pancreas sit ?
- Behind the stomach
- In the duodenum
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas
-Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) specialized tissues contain endocrine cells
- Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (a hyperglycemic hormone) essential for controlling blood glucose levels. (20%)
- Beta (β) cells produce insulin (antagonistic to glucagon or a hypoglycemic hormone) (= 70%)
- Delta Cells (δ) produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin. (<10%)
- PP cells (gamma cells or F cells) producing pancreatic polypeptide (<5%)
What is the exocrine function of the pancrease?
- Sceret Pancreatic juicefrom the duct.
- This is full of bicaronbanate (alkalitic) to neutralise the acidicity of the stomach acid.
- Protease, lipase, amylase
Explain the physiology of blood sugar homeostasis after eating food.
Explain what happens if a meal is skipped eg fasting in regards to blood sugar homeostasis.
effects of insulin
effects of glucagon
What happens when hyperglycemia occurs to maintain homestasis ?
What happens when hypoglycemia occurs to maintain homeostasis?
What are the symtoms of diabetes (the three Ps)
Polyuria—huge urine output
Polydipsia—excessive thirst
Polyphagia—excessive hunger and food consumption
What calle release insulin ?
Beta cells - Insulin release
What cells release glucagon ?
Alpha cells -Glucagon release
Explain the difference between Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
What is Glycogenesis ?
Glycogenesis is the process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time.
What is glycolysis ?
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy.
What happens in type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Autoimmune: destruction of β-cells – results in lack of insulin.
No or very little insulin.
Glucose stays in blood
Sudden onset.
Insulin dependent
What are the three factors that can cause type diabetes?
What antigen is detected in T1DM (genetic factor)?
human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
Who is at risk of T2DM ?
What happens in T2DM ?
Insulin resistance: tissues are less responsive to insulin leading to impaired glucose uptake by adipocytes and muscle. Mechanism not well understood.
Slow onset.
Explain clinical characteristics differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
What is double diabetes ?
- Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed
- Use of Insulin can lead to weight gain
- Development of Type 2 DM
Explain Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetesis high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth.
How do you test for Gestational diabetes?
NICE: 75g glucose Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Reading after 2 hours.