Diabetes Flashcards
What is diabetes
body not using glucose properly
Diabetes underlying causes (2)
insufficient pancreatic insulin and not using insulin properly
what characterises diabetes
abnormal glucose build up
diabetic complications affect (3)
body system, blood vessels, nerves
T1D cause
lack of insulin
T1D needs what to survive
insulin replacement
when is T1D typically diagnosed
Youth
What causes lack of insulin in T1D
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
when is T2D normally diagnosed
adulthood
what characterises T2D
reduced or less effective insulin action
T2D management (2)
lifestyle and pharmacotherapy
what is the problem with diabetes
managing blood glucose
A person with diabetes typical blood sugar
higher
when does blood glucose spike
postprandially
how many people die each year from diabetes
5 million
epidemiology of diabetes
growing worldwide
how many Australians with diabetes
17 million
How many people in VIctoria with diabetes
448 000
Diabetes is more common in (2)
older and males until older females
what is T2D linked with
obesity
T2D linked with obesity is more common in
women
what can be used to quantify obesity
BMI
diabetes symptoms (6)
hunger, thirst, tingling limbs, blurred vision, high blood glucose, fequent urination
what is a major initiator of diabetic complications
chronic hyperglycemia
diabetes complication categories (2)
microvascular and macrovascular
microvascular complications (3)
retinopathy, neuropathy (kidney damage and nerve)
macrovascular complications (3)
cerebrovascular disease, CVD, peripheral vascular disease
what does diabetes do to life expectancy
reduces it
what do complications with daiabetes
3x managing diabetes itself
annual cost of diabetes in Australia
$14.6 billion
How is diabetes diagnosed (3)
fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c
fasting plasma glucose cut off
7 mmol/L x2
OGTT cut off
2 hour post 11.1 mmol/L
HbA1c cut off
6.5% x2
what is HbA1c
glycated haemoglobin
is HbA1c reversable
no
how is haemoglobin glycated
non enzymatic exposure to plasma glucose
increased plasma glucose is proportional to
glycated haemoglobin levels
HbA1c is evidence for the last
1-3 months
RBC life span
120 days
glycation is on which side group
NH2
T2D characterisation (3)
beta cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, hyperglucagonemia
glucose foes into the blood stream from (2)
liver and gut
plasma glucose goes to (3)
pancreas, muscle, adipose tissue
what goes from the gut to the pancreas
incretins (GLP-1 and GIP)
pancreas acts on the liver and muscle via (2)
glucagon and insulin
