Diabetes

Question 1

what does insulin do

Answer 1

acts to increase glucose and amino acid uptake by cells
increase K uptake
increase glycogen sythesis
decreases lipolysis
inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

Question 2

what is insulin sensitvity factor

Answer 2

number of mmol/l glucose will drop by with one unit of rapid acting insulin

Question 3

embryology of the pancreas

Answer 3

first appears at week 5 as two outpouchings of endodermal lining of duodenum
outpouchings = ventral and dorsal pancreas
head of pancreas originates from both
body and tail from dorsal
at week 10 alpha cells differentiate first, then beta (insulin) cells and delta (somatostatin)

Question 4

Diagnosis of DM

Answer 4

Single fasting glucose >7 with symptoms
or
random blood glucose >11.1 with symptoms
or
2 hour plasma glucose concentrations >11.1 after 75g glucose

Question 5

antibodies which can be present in DMT1

Answer 5

Islet cell
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

Question 6

which GLUT is released when insulin is

Answer 6

GLUT 4

Question 7

somogyi effect

Answer 7

night time hypoglucaemia
early morning glycosuria
more common with fast acting insulins and treatment involves reducing dose of insulin or using a longer acting one