Diabetes

Question 1

What are the blood tests for diabetes?

Answer 1

fasting plasma glucose, OGTT, HbA1c, random glucose

Question 2

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Question 3

When is type 1 diabetes most commonly diagnosed

Answer 3

Childhood. Most diagnosed before adulthood but can occur anytime

Question 4

What does destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas cause?

Answer 4

Insulin deficiency

Question 5

What is the main treatment of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

Insulin injection or pump

Question 6

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

insulin insensitivity of target cells plus relative insulin deficiency. Insulin produced doesnt work (insulin resistance)

Question 7

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 7

Inability to adapt to increased insulin demand in pregnancy. Can be due to weight gain and hormones in pregnancy. May resolve after pregnancy or continue in which it will be called type 2 diabetes

Question 8

What is MODY? (maturity onset diabetes of the young)

Answer 8

Different from type 1 and type 2 diabetes. MODY is caused by a mutation in a single gene. Estimated that about 90% of people with it are mistakenly diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes at first. 14 types of MODY.

Question 9

What medical conditions can cause diabetes?

Answer 9

Drugs, pancreatic surgery, cushings syndrome, acromegaly

Question 10

What is a serious complication of insulin treatment?

Answer 10

Can go into a coma from hypoglycaemia

Question 11

What is the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Lifestyle changes
GLP-1 agonists
Very low calorie diets
Other medications
Sometimes insulin

Question 12

What are the 3 groups of insulin treatement?

Answer 12

Human insulin
Animal insulin
Insulin analogues

Question 13

What are insulin pumps?

Answer 13

Varied dose of fast acting insulin continually through day and night at a low rate from a pump attached to you. Can press a button to give a bolus.

Question 14

What is a hypo (hypoglycaemia)?

Answer 14

If blood glucose stays low for too long, starving the brain of glucose, it may lead to seizures, coma, and very rarely death.

Question 15

What are the causes of a hypo?

Answer 15

mistake dosing of insulin or sulphonylureas, missed meal or smaller meal, altered exercise, hypoglyceamia lack of knowledge

Question 16

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia attack?

Answer 16

neuroglycopenia- headache, irritability, mood changes, fatigue, confusion
Adrenergic (rapid fall)- sweating, pallor, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia

Question 17

What did the cochrane review on short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus show?

Answer 17

Analysis suggests only a minor benefit of short-acting insulin analogues on blood glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes. No effect on weight gain.