Diabetes Flashcards
What happens with diabetes mellitus?
Body has problems moving glucose from blood into cells
- leads to lots of glucose in blood and not in cells
what 2 hormones control blood-glucose levels
insulin
glucagon
what is the difference between insulin and glucagon?
Insulin reduces blood-glucose levels
Glucagon increases blood-glucose levels
where is insulin and glucagon produced?
in pancreas inside islet of langerhans
insulin secreted from beta cells in center
glucagon secreted from alpha cells in the peripheral
how does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?
it binds to insulin receptors that are embedded in cell membrane, this causes glucose transporters to be embedded in the membrane and allow glucose to be transported inside the cell.
how does glucose increase blood-glucose levels
it gets liver to produce more glucose molecules, also breaks down glycogen into glucose
What percentage of the US population is diagnosed with diabetes?
10%
What percentage of people have type 1 vs type 2 diabetes?
10% have Type 1
90% have Type 2
What happens with type 1 diabetes?
body cannot make enough insulin = insulin cannot enter the body’s cells because insulin is what binds to insulin receptors that make glucagon transporters to go to the membrane to allow glucagon to come in the cell so without insulin the glucose stays in the blood and there is high blood glucose levels
- person’s own t-cells attack the pancrease
symptoms of diabetes type 1
polyphagia: eating a lot bc of uncontrolled diabetes
glycosuria: glucose in urine
polyuria: frequent urination
polydipsia: increased dehydration
What happens during type 2 diabetes?
body makes insulin but tissues don’t respond to it
cells do not move the glucose transporters to the membrane as they should
INSULIN RESISTANCE
What are risk factors of diabetes type 2
obesity
lack of exercise
hypertension
genetics
What is hyperglycemia
high blood glucose
what tests can be used as a pre-diabetes indicator?
fasting glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, or Hb A1C test
What is a Hb(A1C) test?
tests for the proportion of hemoglobin in RCB that has glucose stuck to it
glycated hemoglobin
when glucose is attached to hemoglobin in RBC
What percentage of glycated hemoglobin indicates prediabetes in the HB A1C test?
5.7-6.4%
What percentage of glycated hemoglobin indicates diabetes in the HB A1C test?
6.5% or higher
What is a benefit of Hb A1C test?
it doesn’t change every day so it tells you if glucose levels have been high for the past 2-3 months
What is a treatment option for type 1 diabetes?
only insulin
Treatment options for type 2 diabetes
weight loss
exercise
healthy diet
antidiabetic meds (eg. metformin)
if all this fails, insulin can also be used
Risks of insulin treatment
hypoglycemia
sypmtoms of hypoglycemia
weakness
hunger
shaking
extreme cases:
loss consciousness
seizures
Treatment for mild hypoglycemia
food with sugar like a choc bar, oj, cereal etc
What are treatment options for severe cases of hypoglycemia?
intravenous glucose ASAP
intranasal glucagon
Can type 1 and 2 diabetes be prevented?
Type 1 cannot, type II yes
Hypoglycemia is characterized by
- CNS symptoms, including confusion, aberrant behavior or coma
- a simultaneous blood glucose level equal to or less than 40 mg/dl
- symptoms being resolved within minutes following the administration of glucose
is hypoglycemia a medical emergency?
yes
What is a normal blood glucose level?
less than 140 mg/dl
what happens in dental caries?
organic acid metabolites produced by oral microorganisms lead to demineralization and destruction of the tooth structures
- bacteria infection an dacid production occurs from sugar metabolism in the mouth
why is periodontal disease and diabetes relationship bidirectional?
because hyperglycemia affects oral health and periodontitis affects glycemic control (increased HbA1C)
how does glycolysis play a role in acid production by bacteria in teeth
bacteria use glycolysis to get energy
end product of glycolysis under anaerobic condition is lactic acid
lactic acid creates extra acidity to decrease pH and this dissolves the calcium phosphate in the tooth enamel leading to the start of a cavity
