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DI Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What tissue opacity is labeled “1”?

A

Fat -in the pericardial sac

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2
Q

Label image

A
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3
Q

Label the image

A
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4
Q

What is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice to look for signs of left-sided heart failure (cardiogenic pulmonary edema) in the dog?

A

thoracic rads (always take rads 1st)

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5
Q

This image is showing what?

A

pericardial fat

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6
Q

This CT image is pointing to

A

pericardial fat

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7
Q

Conspicuity of cranial lobe vessels is better in ____ lateral

A

left

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8
Q

name the vessels

A

left and right side vessels seen distinctly in L lateral

they are superimposed in R lateral

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9
Q

Dilation is more _____ than hypertrophy.

A

conspicuous (visible)

hypertrophy occurs at expense of lumen volume

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10
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy can be seen sometimes, but it depends on

A

the degree. Appearance is nonspecific- more specific than for dilation

need echocardiogram for characterization

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11
Q

Ventricular Hypertrophy: right versus left

A
  • Left
    • rads of little value
  • Right
    • increased sternal contact
    • elevation of apex from sternum
    • backward “D”
    • causes:
      • pulmonic stenosis- congenital
      • heartworm dz
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12
Q

These rads are an example of

A

ventricular hypertrophy

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13
Q

Ventricular dilation can be seen sometimes, but depends on the

A

degree.

appearance is nonspecfic

need echocardiogram for characterization

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14
Q

The Vertebral Heart Score (VHS

A
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15
Q

Changes due to dilation in VD/DV

  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
  • Left auricle
  • MPA
A
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16
Q

Right atrial dilation

A
  • very rare as an isloated abnormality
    • tricuspid dysplasia
  • common in combo with other abnormalities
    • appearance is nonspecific
    • need echo for characterization
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17
Q

Left atrial dilation

A
  • Common
    • mitral valve disease
    • most common heart dz you will see
  • Fairly specific
    • we are going to cover in detail
  • Echocardiogram still better for complete characterization- can confirm and grade it
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18
Q

What does this image show?

A
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19
Q

What does this image show?

A
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20
Q

What does this image show?

A
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21
Q

What does this image show?

A

double wall sign

Left Atrium dilation

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22
Q

Large ____ causes splaying of main stem bronchi

A

Left atrium

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23
Q

What does this image show?

A

enlarged left atrium

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24
Q

Caudal vena cava changes normally with _____

A

respiration

very rarely is an important structure

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25
Aortic arch
enlarges in congenital aortic stenosis not a common problem geriatric changes in cats very common mineralization of aortic bulb in dogs
26
Main pulmonary artery
enlarges commonly in heartworm disease also pulmonic stenosis- not that common
27
What is the arrow pointing at?
kink- incidental tortuous aorta: geriatric cat NOT significant
28
What is the arrow pointing to?
Aortic bulb mineralization
29
What is the arrow pointing to?
main pulmonary artery MPA
30
If radiographs are characterized by low sensitivity and specifity, why bother?
a global view is obtained pulmonary vessels can be assessed
31
What clinical sign does heart failure present with?
coughing
32
Pulmonary vessels in lateral view
veins are ventral to arteries
33
Pulmonary vessels in VD/DV view
veins are medial to the arteries
34
Rule of thumb: in DV view, vessels should be be _____ compared to the 9th rib at their point of intersection
the same size
35
Pumonary Vein \> artery
venous hypertension mitral valve
36
Pulmonary Artery \> vein
pulmonary hypertension heartworms, pulmonary fibrosis
37
Pulmonary Artery & vein increased
shunt: L to R fluid overload fluid retention
38
Pulmonary Artery & vein decreased
dehydration decreased right ventricle output
39
Does this show vessel enlargement?
40
Does this show vessel enlargement?
41
Does this show vessel enlargement?
42
Which sided heart failure is more common?
left sided mitral valve degeneration cardiomyopathy
43
Pulmonary edema with left heart failure
* patterns depends on stage & tx * interstitial * difficulat to dx * bronchial * con confuse with inflammatory dz * alveolar * expected pattern
44
Lungs always look more opaque in what view?
lateral rads
45
Veins may not be enlarged with left heart failure because of
prior diuretic therapy
46
This patient has?
47
What do these rads show?
48
What is seen in the rad?
A diffuse bronchial pattern often seen in cats donuts- asthma
49
What does this rad show?
cat with pleural effusion
50
What does this rad show?
dilated cardiomyopathy
51
In dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiogenic pulmonary edema has an airway pattern that can easily be confused with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
inflammatory lung disease
52
In dilated cardiomyopathy, enlarged arteries AND veins are common due to
fluid retention
53
What is wrong with this heart?
enlarged- pericardial effusion
54
T/F: radiographic findings are sensitive and specific with regard to cardiac evaluation
FALSE: NOT sensitive or specific | (except for LA dilation)
55
Pericardial effusion
cardiac silhouette eventually becomes round will be a phase where it is not round in all views
56
Underlying causes of pericardial effusion
* metabolic * uremia * neoplastic * pericardial * cardiac * inflammatory * trauma * blunt trauma * LA split * **idiopathic- most common** but we need to rule out everything else
57
Whats abnormal with this rad?
rounded heart from pericardial effusion trachea is pushed dorsal
58
What is abnormal with this rad?
rounded heart from pericardial effusion
59
What does X show in this ultrasound?
pericardial effusion
60
PPDH- peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia
* anatomic defect b/t peritoneal and pericardial cavities allowing migration of organs * many animals free of associated signs * radiographic signs * enlarged and globular cardiac silhouettes with diaphragm * opacity of cardiac silhouette often heterogeneous * anomalous number of sternebrae
61
What is the abnormality seen in this rad?
PPDH
62
What is the abnormality seen in this rad?
PPDH
63
B. Right Pulmonary Artery
64
D. 2-3 o clock
65
Osteoblasts are responsible for
bone development and synthesis of osteoid
66
Osteoclasts are responsible for
bone resorption break down bone
67
Approx ___ days b/t osteoid formation and mineralization
12-15
68
As an osteoblast expends capability for osteoid, it is renamed \_\_\_\_\_
osteocytes
69
Main functions of skeletal system
support protection movement facilitation mineral storage storage of hematopoietic tissue lipid storage- for energy
70
Label bone terminology
71
Articular cartilage is the growth center for \_\_\_\_\_
epiphysis
72
Physis (epiphyseal plate) is the growth center for \_\_\_\_\_\_
diaphysis
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_: secondary center of bone formation that provides a point for muscle attachement
Apophysis
74
Examples of predilection sites
75
Osteoprogenitor cells also found in endosteum and periosteum, What do they do?
* responsible for remodeling and growth of bone cortex * remain active through life * responsible for osteogenesis during fracture repair
76
Mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into \_\_\_\_\_
fibrous tissue undergoes further differentiation into osteoblasts occurs in flat bones of skull
77
Metatarsal sequestrum: caused by disruption of periosteal blood supply (eg. wire cut) with subsequent necrosis due to poor communication with endosteal blood supply
78
bone blood supply major artery enters through nutrient foramen can be confused with a fracture
79
Wolffs law
bone will respond to the stresses or strains placed (or not placed) on it
80
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) results from
failure of endochondral ossification -common in young, rapidly growing large breed dogs
81
Dog predilection sites for OCD:
**_Caudal humeral head_** medial humeral condyle lateral and medial femoral condyle lateral and medial trochlea of talus -medial much more common
82
Does osteochondrosis (OC) happen in cats?
not common
83
Radiographic signs of OC/OCD
flattening or concavity of subchondral bone adjacent sclerosis +/- mineralized flap
84
What is the abnormality?
bilateral OCD ## Footnote **(_image of shoulder joint w/ flattening of caudal humeral head)_**
85
Any abnormalities?
86
What are joint mice?
necrotic cartilage breaks free can attach to synovium and become vascularized watch out for caudal circumflex humeral vessels
87
What do we have to be careful about with joint mice?
make sure its not blood vessels! this is a blood vessel head on
88
What abnormality is detected?
joint mice
89
What is the arrow pointing out?
distal femoral osteochondrosis
90
What is the arrow pointing out?
distal humeral osteochondrosis
91
Dysplasia= the failure to
develop properly
92
**_Elbow dysplasia_**
* triad of developmental lesions * **_ununited anconeal process (ulna)_** * **_fragmented medial coronoid process (ulna)_** * **_osteochondrosis of humeral condyle_** * current theory: related to joint incongruity
93
Ununited anconeal process
* probably due to incongruity and not a failure to unite * really a fracture
94
What abnormality is pointed at?
ununited anconeal process
95
What abnormality is seen?
ununited anconeal process large peice separated
96
Treatment of ununited anconeal process (UAP)
* medical management * not as effective * removal * _fixation & ulnar osteotomy_\* best choice
97
Fragmented medial coronoid process
very common meduim/large breed dogs signs as early as 4-6 months coronoid fragment difficult to detect radiographically CT is needed to Dx
98
Fragmented medial coronoid process radiographic signs
* new bone formation on proximal aspect of anconeal process
99
What do the arrows indicate?
**_new bone formation_** **_fractured medial coronoid process_** **_(joint incongruity)_**
100
Abnormality seen?
101
What lesion is seen?
fragmented medial coronoid process that caused "kissing" lesion on medial aspect of humeral condyle secondary to FCP
102
What lesion is seen?
103
Panosteitis
* self limiting dz of large breed dogs * 5-12months * CS- weeks to months * **shifting leg lameness** * etiology unknown
104
Panosteitis radiographic signs
* increased medullary opacity * begining as nodular then becoming diffuse * lesion often begins at nutrient foramen * smooth, continuous periosteal new bone occur in a minority of patients * cortical thickening can persist - remodeling
105
What abnormality is seen?
smooth periosteal reaction | (can do spontaneous resolution)
106
Who does Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy effect?
* not common, developmental systemic dz of rapidly growing young dogs * 7 weeks- 8 months * large/giant breed dogs: great danes, boxer, german shepard, irish setter, weimaraner (inherited?) * weimaraner- only breed where entire litter affected
107
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy Clinical Signs
mild self-limiting disease to servere multisystemic, life-threatening illness pyrexia malaise pain + swelling over metaphyseal region lameness
108
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy Radiographic signs
* begins in metaphysis of tubular bones * "double physis" sign * radiolucent line in metaphysis adjacent and parallel to physis * radiographs may go from normal to abnormal in 48hrs * advanced stages * irregular periosteal new bone formation along metaphysis * physeal closure or retarded growth
109
What abnormality is seen here?
development of "double physis" sign Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
110
What is the abnormality?
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy "double physis"
111
Treatment of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
since the cause is unknown, tx is supportive corticosteroids are more effective than NSAIDs -suggests immune suppression may be important
112
Fragmented medial coronoid process
113
Aseptic Necrosis of Femoral head
* adolescent toy and small breed dogs * compromised blood supply to femoral head causes bone necrosis while overlying cartilage continues to grow * revascularization will occur * phagocytosis of necrotic bone during healing results in decreased opacity * incomplete removal of necrotic bone and invasion of granulation tissue interferes with healing * bone is weak and subject to microfracture
114
Aseptic Necrosis of Femoral head Radiographic signs
* varies with stage and duration * lysis of femoral head/neck * widening of joint space due to hyperplastic cartilage * microfracture and deformation of femoral head * secondary DJD and muscle atrophy
115
Whats the abnormality?
Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head
116
Cat that jumped off the bed. What is this called?
Spontaneous capital physis fracture in cats
117
Tibial Crest Avulsion
* the normal tibial crest appearance in young dogs is commonly misinterpreted as an avulsion * important to be familiar with normal appearance and abnormal to distinguish
118
Tibial crest. Avulsion present?
NORMAL
119
Tibial crest. Avulsion present?
Avulsion present
120
Incomplete Humeral Condyle Ossification is common in what breed? **what are they at risk for?**
spaniels ## Footnote **_at risk for fractures in both condyles\*\*\*\*\*\*_** **with this condition, the humeral condyle fails to fuse and thus can lead to intracondylar fractures of the humerus (splitting in the middle aka Salter Harris type IV fracture through metaphysis, physis & epiphysis) you would also want to x ray both limbs bc it occurs bilaterally**
121
Causes of aggressive bone lesion
Neoplasia and infection most common - cant tell apart on images - using signalment, hx, CS, and lesion distribution, one can be given preference, but not definitively
122
Aggressive Vs Non-aggressive lesion
**Aggressive:** cortical destruction, periosteal reaction (irregular), no distinct border/transition. Aspirate or biopsy, thoracic rads **Non-aggressive:** distinct transition/border, none or smooth periosteal reaction, no cortical destruction. Wait? can be risky **NOTE**: only **_ONE_** feature of aggressiveness needed
123
Cortex Destruction present?
YES
124
Cortex Destruction present?
No, cortex is affected but is still there
125
How many views are needed to assess the cortex?
2
126
What is this an example of?
Periosteal Reaction Irregular = Active
127
What is this an example of?
Periosteal reaction Smooth = Inactive
128
Transition Zone/Border present?
Indistinct
129
Transition Zone/ Border present?
Distinct
130
NO cortex is moved, smooth, see transition zone
131
Yes irregular, no border
132
Yes no border
133
Yes no cortex edge
134
Lesion present?
Yes, aggressive
135
Lesion present?
Yes, aggressive- irregular
136
Most common primary bone tumor
**osteosarcoma** monostatic & **_metaphyseal_** large & giant breeds favorite sites: toward stifle, away from elbow
137
Radiographic features of primary bone tumor
aggressive bone lesion can be lytic, blastic, or **_mixed_**
138
Blastic
more bone more opaque... radiopaque = whiteness osteoblastic, sclerotic
139
Lytic
less bone less opaque... radiolucent = blackness osteolytic, dectructive
140
Types of primary bone tumors. Label them
141
Fungal Osteomyelitis
can mimic primary bone tumor, but often polystotic
142
Is this lesion aggressive? What is our next step?
aggressive, send out for testing came back as apergillosis
143
Humerus and femur both have lesions. What is our next step?
sample/test Coccidoidomycosis
144
Hematogenous bacterial osteomyelitis is ____ in dogs in cants
VERY rare
145
Nail Bed Lesions
* Subungual tumor * squamous cell carcinoma * large breed dogs with black coats * standard poodle, labrador retriever * may be multiple * malignant melanoma * Pododermatitis
146
need to sample/test!! to differentiate
147
Hematogenous Metastasis
not common distrubution in skeleton variable- axial involvement common usually an epitheial primary
148
osteosarcoma _least_ likely- because 2 lesions
149
Why is digital adjustment important?
can reveal fractures/ things not seen otherwise
150
Name 3 things confused with fractures
nutrient foramen normal physis sesamoid bones
151
What type of fracture is this?
transverse
152
What type of fracture is this?
oblique
153
What type of fracture is this?
comminnuted
154
What kind of fracture is this?
incomplete
155
What kind of fracture is this?
spiral
156
Salter Harris
* Physeal fracture classification system * **_applies only to skeletally immature patients_** * as grade increases, chance of physeal growth perturbation increases * chance of secondary growth anomaly much higher with type V than with any other type
157
Grade the fractures
158
LOW almost zero
159
Pathologic fractures are seen in weakened bone from diseases like...
hypoparathyroidism- demineralization cancer fractures occur secondary to an event that would not normally lead to fracture; jumping off bed
160
Luxation vs Subluxation
**Luxation**: dislocation of an anatomic part **Subluxation**: partial dislocation of an anatomic part- may require stress views to demonstrate full extent of instability
161
What is this an example of?
luxation
162
What is this an example of?
subluxation
163
What does this stress view indicate?
Gap in tarsal joint- needs sx
164
Bone healing stages
165
Primary Fracture Healing
rigid fixation direct bone contact- minimal fracture gap
166
Secondary Fracture Healing
* motion or distraction of fragments * callus formation * fibrocartilage stabilizes the fracture * ossification of callus then bony union * callus will diminish as stability returns **_30-45 days to see callus on rads_**
167
Normal callus appearance
should be smooth and nonaggressive (inactive)
168
Factors that influence fracture healing
vascular integrity fracture location extent of fracture apposition degree of motion
169
Vascular integrity
perfusion not evaluated radiographically perfusion diminishes as soft tissue injury increases nutrients going into the bones/tissues to heal tiny fragments/shot gun pellets prolong healing because of increased tissue/vascular damage
170
Distal antebrachium fractures in toy breeds...
heal slowly and have a high complication rate (chihuahuas are disasters waiting to happen)
171
Degree of motion
callus does not bridge may result in a delayed or non union -no healing if too much motion
172
just fine
173
Malunion
the bone healed in an abnormal position this is a problem in humans, in animals we are happy it healed
174
Delayed union
fracture has not healed in the time expected
175
Nonunion
all fracture healing has stopped and fragments have not united
176
What is this an example of?
malunion femur is crooked **_can predispose to DJD\*\*\*\*\*\*_**
177
What is this an example of? taken 3 months later
delayed union dont give up, damage causes slow healing
178
What is this an example of?
nonunion fracture ends are **round** and sclerotic this wont heal
179
**_Osteomyelitis_**
_infection of the bone_ * hematogenous bacterial osteomyelitis very rare in dogs and cats * usually the result of a wound or fracture (open fractures) * an **aggressive** **bone**... not normal callus * **irregular** periosteal reaction is a key finding * sometimes **lysis** around implants
180
Fracture complications
Physeal growth abnormalities young animals prior to physeal closure usually result of type V injury most common in antebrachium- distal radial and/or ulnar physes
181
Insufficient Ulnar Growth
Distal ulnar physis susceptible to type V conical shape ulnar retardation leads to radius being "trapped"
182
What is the abnormality?
Insufficient Ulnar Growth
183
Valgus deformity
bows and twists away from midline
184
Insufficient Ulnar Growth results in one or more of which
humeroulnar subluxation bowed radius valgus of manus
185
What can correct **_early_** humeroulnar subluxation?
Ulnar osteoctomy
186
Radial closure
not as common as ulnar closure humeroradial subluxation -ulna pushes humerus away from radius +/- varus manus Tx: more complicated, effective if caught early
187
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) aka Osteoarthritis (OA) radiographic signs
188
What are the signs of joint effusion show in the second rad?
_**fluid in the joint pushes the infrapatellar fat pad cranially and caudally displaces the fascial stripe\*\*\*\*\*\***_
189
What is this rad showing?
periarticular cyst like lesions advanced DJD begins to look aggressive... may be confused with tumor or infection usually are co-existing signs of DJD femoral head looks like a mushroom
190
Is hip dysplasia present?
yes
191
T/F: A tear of the cranial cruciate ligament can be dx using rads
false can only see secondary signs
192
Erosive Arthropathy
hyperplastic synovium from immune-mediated cause results in subchondral cysts -rheumatoid arthropathy usually small breeds usually distal joints
193
Thoughts?
tap and culture joint may be septic arthritis
194
Meniscal ossicles in cats
small mineralized opacities in feline stifle joints found to be mineralization in meniscus - usually medial - leads to **_cartilage erosion_** on medical condyle of femur due to mechanical interference
195
Rads of a cat. What is circled?
meniscal ossicles
196
What is abnormal in these cat rads?
meniscal ossicles
197
Canine hip dysplasia
inherited debilitating coxofemoral dysplasia primarily large dogs inherited but phenotypic changes not present at birth - subluxation early - osteoarthritis later
198
Problems with selective breeding for dogs without hip dysplasia
199
Normal hip Vs one with hip dysplasia on rads
200
What is the earliest radiographic sign of canine hip dysplasia?
**_joint laxity_**
201
Hip dysplasia detected?
No, normal
202
What abnormality?
very lax joint source of pain, limits function laxity leads to osteoarthritis
203
Signs of severe OA
204
OFA method
* extended leg VD view of pelvis * good for detecting secondary OA, not good for joint laxity * twisting of joint capsule tends to force femoral head into acetabulum- may cause us to underestimate joint laxity * rads scored by 3 board certified radiologists * grading system: excellent, good, fair, borderline, mild, moderate, severe * dogs cannot be certified until they are 24 months/2yrs * any vet can submit rads to OFA
205
PennHIP method
* position unique to PennHip * does not place torque on joint capsule * a fulcrum b/t the thighs allows operator to apply lateral force to the hip * images are interpreted by AIS * can be done early as 4 months * technique allows quantification of joint instability, not OA * Distraction index is calculated * radiographer must be certified by AIS- online training
206
DI \> 0.3 is associated with
significant incidence of DJD higher the DI, the higher chance of developing osteoarthritis
207
What method is more reliable? OFA or PennHip
PennHip genetic testing would be even more reliable
208
excellent no subluxation
209
mild, moderate, severe less than half head under dorsal rim joint is lax osteoarthritis subluxation see morgan line
210
mild, moderate, severe too young to certify subluxation, morgan hair, mushroom cap
211
What do we need to do in order to get good spinal rads?
deep sedation or anesthesia, except in HBC
212
To compensate for beam divergence, what can we do to get good spinal rads?
make multiple exposures (5-6)
213
Algorithm for pain/neuropathy
214
\_\_\_ is the most common cause of spinal pain/neuropathy you will see in practice
Disc Disease prompt recognition of problem and appropriate action are keys to success
215
What are the arrows showing?
mineralized discs degenerate discs subject to herniation
216
Type I disc disease
* **_acute_** herniation of _degenerate_ nuclear material into vertebral canal with spinal cord compression & possible spinal cord injury * usually mineralized * typical chonrodystrophic dogs * _dachshund_ is poster child * acute pain, paresis, paralysis * survey radiographs not sensitive or specific * rare between **T2-T9** because of intercapital ligament, but it does occur (_german_ shepards still get it)
217
Type II Disc Disease
* **_chronic_** annulus/nucleus protrusion into vertebral canal with spinal cord compression * disc is degenerate * typically large dogs * chronic progressive neuropathy * survey rads not sensitive or specific
218
T/F: radiographs are valuable when diagnosing Type I or II disc disease
FALSe: of little value findings are non-specific should be done for screening
219
Non specific radiographic signs of disc disease
* vertebrae move closer together * narrowed disc space * narrow foramen * narrow dorsal joint space * material in vertebral canal * can only see if mineralized
220
This dog has T3-L3 myelopathy and disc-related changes. Are these findings in the rad helpful?
these non-specific findings are not helpful
221
Whats the issue with using ribs are a landmark for vertebrae?
222
How to diagnose disc herniation
* Myelography * injection of positive contrast medium into subarachnoid space * useful but tedious * being replaced by CT and MRI * CT/MRI * myelographic principles of value in interpreting CT and MRI studies
223
Where do we insert the myelogram contrast medium?
subarachnoid space
224
Classic lesion locations for disc disease
normal extradural intradural-extramedullary (subarachnoid space) intramedullary
225
Extradural rule outs Vs location
disc tumor stenosis abscess hemorrhage
226
Intramedullary rule outs Vs location
edema- inflam tumor myelitis
227
Intradural-extramedullary rule outs Vs location
tumor (nerve root)
228
Lesion location?
extradural- collapsed disc space **_(central deviation of contrast medium)_**
229
Lesion?
Osteophytic articular processes causing extradural spinal cord compression
230
Lesion?
Intradural-extramedullary lesion is in subarachnoid space, creating filling
231
Problems with myelography
232
CT detection of disc herniation
fast and non-invasive specific disc material must be mineralized cannot assess spinal cord injury slices acquired throughout region of potential herniation, ex: T2-L3 **\*\*\*\* if lesion suspected in T2-L3 you need to image T2-L3 \*\*\*\***
233
MRI Detection of Disc Herniation
quick, longer than CT more sensitive than CT since detection not based on mineralization able to assess integrity of spinal cord **the best test** cost vs value (MRI looks for increased water lesions)
234
T2 image
water and fat have high signal
235
ANNPE- Acute Non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion
AKA missile disc disc explodes out, normally hydrated acute herniation of hydrated nucleus no mass in vertebrae canal spinal cord swelling spinal cord "bruise"- hemorrhage/inflam: visible with MRI rads, myelography or CT will NOT be helpful here
236
Spondylosis
very common, acquired new bone proliferation originating from ventral aspect of vertebral body, near endplate associated with annular degeneration and tearing _usually not important clinically_, except at L7-S1
237
238
5 year old poodle that is an indoor-outdoor dog. Over 10 days the dog developed lameness. What is the most likely dx?
infection | (periosteal rxn in picture)
239
A 10 year old poodle, which the owner has had its entire life, is presented with lameness after jumping off the bed. What dx is most likely?
pathological fracture- radiograph of the coxofemoral joints; you could presume this bc of history- should fracture from jumping off bed
240
A cat presented with spontaneous femoral capital physis fracture. What are the risk factors?
overweight, neurtered male, delayed physeal closure (NOT from an all meat diet)
241
242
11 month old German shepard presented with lameness and pain. Increase opacity of medullary cavity in most of the ulna and diaphysis of radius. What disease is likely?
**_panosteitis_**
243
Image with bilateral necrotic femoral heads
avascular necrosis of the femoral head
244
Which of the following is NOT true about determining if a lesion is aggressive or not? cortical destruction indistinct transitional zone irregular periosteal rxn radiopaque and radiolucent
**_radiopaque and radiolucent_**- lysis and sclerosis dont tell you aggressiveness
245
If a 1.5 year old dog has OFA done and looks bad, do we have to wait until 2 yrs to officially say he has canine hip dysplasia?
this dog most likely has canine hip dysplasia and will have it for life dont have to wait to dx
246
247
What is the cause?
**_extradural_** **_(central deviation of contrast medium)_**
248
Will spondylosis cause severe pain?
no, further evaluate because there must be another cause
249
T/F: you can dx cranial cruciate teaers with radiographs
FALSE

DI (6 decks)

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