DI Quiz 2 Flashcards
What tissue opacity is labeled “1”?
Fat -in the pericardial sac
Label image
Label the image
What is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice to look for signs of left-sided heart failure (cardiogenic pulmonary edema) in the dog?
thoracic rads (always take rads 1st)
This image is showing what?
pericardial fat
This CT image is pointing to
pericardial fat
Conspicuity of cranial lobe vessels is better in ____ lateral
left
name the vessels
left and right side vessels seen distinctly in L lateral
they are superimposed in R lateral
Dilation is more _____ than hypertrophy.
conspicuous (visible)
hypertrophy occurs at expense of lumen volume
Ventricular hypertrophy can be seen sometimes, but it depends on
the degree. Appearance is nonspecific- more specific than for dilation
need echocardiogram for characterization
Ventricular Hypertrophy: right versus left
- Left
- rads of little value
- Right
- increased sternal contact
- elevation of apex from sternum
- backward “D”
- causes:
- pulmonic stenosis- congenital
- heartworm dz
These rads are an example of
ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular dilation can be seen sometimes, but depends on the
degree.
appearance is nonspecfic
need echocardiogram for characterization
The Vertebral Heart Score (VHS
Changes due to dilation in VD/DV
- Right ventricle
- Left ventricle
- Left auricle
- MPA
Right atrial dilation
- very rare as an isloated abnormality
- tricuspid dysplasia
- common in combo with other abnormalities
- appearance is nonspecific
- need echo for characterization
Left atrial dilation
- Common
- mitral valve disease
- most common heart dz you will see
- Fairly specific
- we are going to cover in detail
- Echocardiogram still better for complete characterization- can confirm and grade it
What does this image show?
What does this image show?
What does this image show?
What does this image show?
double wall sign
Left Atrium dilation
Large ____ causes splaying of main stem bronchi
Left atrium
What does this image show?
enlarged left atrium
Caudal vena cava changes normally with _____
respiration
very rarely is an important structure
Aortic arch
enlarges in congenital aortic stenosis
not a common problem
geriatric changes in cats very common
mineralization of aortic bulb in dogs
Main pulmonary artery
enlarges commonly in heartworm disease
also pulmonic stenosis- not that common
What is the arrow pointing at?
kink- incidental
tortuous aorta: geriatric cat
NOT significant
What is the arrow pointing to?
Aortic bulb mineralization
What is the arrow pointing to?
main pulmonary artery
MPA
If radiographs are characterized by low sensitivity and specifity, why bother?
a global view is obtained
pulmonary vessels can be assessed
What clinical sign does heart failure present with?
coughing
Pulmonary vessels in lateral view
veins are ventral to arteries
Pulmonary vessels in VD/DV view
veins are medial to the arteries
Rule of thumb: in DV view, vessels should be be _____ compared to the 9th rib at their point of intersection
the same size
Pumonary Vein > artery
venous hypertension
mitral valve
Pulmonary Artery > vein
pulmonary hypertension
heartworms, pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary Artery & vein increased
shunt: L to R
fluid overload
fluid retention
Pulmonary Artery & vein decreased
dehydration
decreased right ventricle output
Does this show vessel enlargement?
Does this show vessel enlargement?
Does this show vessel enlargement?
Which sided heart failure is more common?
left sided
mitral valve degeneration
cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary edema with left heart failure
- patterns depends on stage & tx
- interstitial
- difficulat to dx
- bronchial
- con confuse with inflammatory dz
- alveolar
- expected pattern
- interstitial
Lungs always look more opaque in what view?
lateral rads
Veins may not be enlarged with left heart failure because of
prior diuretic therapy
This patient has?
What do these rads show?
What is seen in the rad?
A diffuse bronchial pattern often seen in cats
donuts- asthma
What does this rad show?
cat with pleural effusion
What does this rad show?
dilated cardiomyopathy
In dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiogenic pulmonary edema has an airway pattern that can easily be confused with _______
inflammatory lung disease
In dilated cardiomyopathy, enlarged arteries AND veins are common due to
fluid retention
What is wrong with this heart?
enlarged- pericardial effusion
T/F: radiographic findings are sensitive and specific with regard to cardiac evaluation
FALSE: NOT sensitive or specific
(except for LA dilation)
Pericardial effusion
cardiac silhouette eventually becomes round
will be a phase where it is not round in all views
Underlying causes of pericardial effusion
- metabolic
- uremia
- neoplastic
- pericardial
- cardiac
- inflammatory
- trauma
- blunt trauma
- LA split
- idiopathic- most common but we need to rule out everything else
Whats abnormal with this rad?
rounded heart from pericardial effusion
trachea is pushed dorsal
What is abnormal with this rad?
rounded heart from pericardial effusion
What does X show in this ultrasound?
pericardial effusion
PPDH- peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia
- anatomic defect b/t peritoneal and pericardial cavities allowing migration of organs
- many animals free of associated signs
- radiographic signs
- enlarged and globular cardiac silhouettes with diaphragm
- opacity of cardiac silhouette often heterogeneous
- anomalous number of sternebrae
What is the abnormality seen in this rad?
PPDH
What is the abnormality seen in this rad?
PPDH
B. Right Pulmonary Artery
D. 2-3 o clock
Osteoblasts are responsible for
bone development and synthesis of osteoid
Osteoclasts are responsible for
bone resorption
break down bone
Approx ___ days b/t osteoid formation and mineralization
12-15
As an osteoblast expends capability for osteoid, it is renamed _____
osteocytes
Main functions of skeletal system
support
protection
movement facilitation
mineral storage
storage of hematopoietic tissue
lipid storage- for energy
Label bone terminology
Articular cartilage is the growth center for _____
epiphysis
Physis (epiphyseal plate) is the growth center for ______
diaphysis
______: secondary center of bone formation that provides a point for muscle attachement
Apophysis
Examples of predilection sites
Osteoprogenitor cells also found in endosteum and periosteum, What do they do?
- responsible for remodeling and growth of bone cortex
- remain active through life
- responsible for osteogenesis during fracture repair
Mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into _____
fibrous tissue
undergoes further differentiation into osteoblasts
occurs in flat bones of skull
Metatarsal sequestrum: caused by disruption of periosteal blood supply (eg. wire cut) with subsequent necrosis due to poor communication with endosteal blood supply
bone blood supply
major artery enters through nutrient foramen
can be confused with a fracture
Wolffs law
bone will respond to the stresses or strains placed (or not placed) on it
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) results from
failure of endochondral ossification
-common in young, rapidly growing large breed dogs
Dog predilection sites for OCD:
Caudal humeral head
medial humeral condyle
lateral and medial femoral condyle
lateral and medial trochlea of talus -medial much more common
Does osteochondrosis (OC) happen in cats?
not common
Radiographic signs of OC/OCD
flattening or concavity of subchondral bone
adjacent sclerosis
+/- mineralized flap
What is the abnormality?
bilateral OCD
(image of shoulder joint w/ flattening of caudal humeral head)
Any abnormalities?
What are joint mice?
necrotic cartilage breaks free
can attach to synovium and become vascularized
watch out for caudal circumflex humeral vessels
What do we have to be careful about with joint mice?
make sure its not blood vessels! this is a blood vessel head on
What abnormality is detected?
joint mice
What is the arrow pointing out?
distal femoral osteochondrosis
What is the arrow pointing out?
distal humeral osteochondrosis
Dysplasia= the failure to
develop properly
Elbow dysplasia
- triad of developmental lesions
- ununited anconeal process (ulna)
- fragmented medial coronoid process (ulna)
- osteochondrosis of humeral condyle
- current theory: related to joint incongruity
Ununited anconeal process
- probably due to incongruity and not a failure to unite
- really a fracture
What abnormality is pointed at?
ununited anconeal process
What abnormality is seen?
ununited anconeal process
large peice separated
Treatment of ununited anconeal process (UAP)
- medical management
- not as effective
- removal
- fixation & ulnar osteotomy* best choice
Fragmented medial coronoid process
very common
meduim/large breed dogs
signs as early as 4-6 months
coronoid fragment difficult to detect radiographically
CT is needed to Dx
Fragmented medial coronoid process radiographic signs
- new bone formation on proximal aspect of anconeal process
What do the arrows indicate?
new bone formation
fractured medial coronoid process
(joint incongruity)