Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DI > DI Quiz 1 > Flashcards

DI Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer of the duodenum is the thickest layer?

A

Mucosal layer

(hypoechoic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you double mAs?

A

Increase the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Colon causes ____ on ultrasound

A

clean shadowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MRI brain lesions show an increase in _____

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

1 clean (dark)

2 dirty (white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Label A-D according to orientation

A

A- cranial

B- ventral

C- caudal

D- dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal anatomy in the liver

A

Veins are Visible, not arteries or bile duct

Portal veins: hyperechoic wall

Hepatic veins isoechoic walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Label A and B

A

A- Portal vein

B- Hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rank the 5 opacites in order from radiolucency to radiopacity

A

Radiolucent

Radiopacity

Air Fat Water Bone Metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

My cat loves sunny places

know order and direction

A

Anechogen(black)

hyperechogen(white)

My Cat Loves Sunny Places

Medulla Cortex Liver Spleen Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is a mass in the left lung lobe harder to see on a R or L lateral radiograph?

A

left lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of transducer is used on large animals?

A

2-5MHz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of transducer is used on tendons and small parts (like the eye)?

A

>10MHz

(linear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of transducer is used on small dogs/cats?

A

7.5-10MHz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of transducer is used for medium sized dogs?

A

5-7.5MHz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of transducer is used for large breed dogs?

A

5MHz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label A & B

A

A- underexposed (too light) kVp or mAs is too low

B- overexposed (too dark) kVp or mAs is too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can you do to better this image?

A

Increase mAs (problem bc increases time so shows movement)

Increase kVp**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can be done to fix this image?

A

Decrease mAs

Decrease kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much do we change mAs or kVp?

A

mAs is usually halved or doubled (decreases or increases the # of x rays by factor of 2)

kVp is not halved or doubled!! (change 16%-20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The 6 roentgen signs

A

Size, shape, number, location, margination, opacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes the most interference on an ultrasound?

A

Air/fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CT works by….

A

attenuating x rays emitted from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The shorter the wavelength, the ___ energy

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When may ionizations occur?

A

if energy is too high in xrays

ionizations can be dangerous: cell death, mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dose limits for pregnant women?

A

if you get pregnant you can still receive some dose

<5 mSv during gestation

must notify employer in writing of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reducing ones dose: ALARA

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

principle protection philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Three things to reduce dose of radiation:

A

Time

Distance

Shielding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Inverse Square Law:

doubling the distance reduces the x ray intensity to ____

tripling the distance reduces the x ray intesnsity to ____

quadruple the distance reduces the x ray intesnsity to ____

A

double: 1/4th (1/2)2
triple: 1/9th (1/3)2
quadruple: 1/16th (1/4)2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Scatter radiation

A

degrades the image

increases personal dose of radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Shielding protects from what?

Types?

A

Gloves and gowns DO NOT protect from the primary beam- only protect from scatter radiation

Aprons: .5mm lead (Pb)

Thyroid shields: .25 or .5mm lead

Gloves: .5mm Pb

Glasses: .75mm Pb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How can we reduce scatter from the beam?

A

COLLIMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Badge Guidelines

A

Wear only your own badge

Do not wear badge during personal medical/dental procedures

Never intentionally expose badge

Never take your badge home

Wear at collar, outside of apron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cathode:

A

Made from tungsten

x rays produced is proportional to amount of filament current (mA) and time (sec) current is “on”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Doubling mAs, ____ the number of x rays produced

A

doubles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mAs is the ____ of xrays produced

A

number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

kVp is the _____ of xrays produced

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does x ray exposure do to film?

A

EXPOSURE = BLACKNESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

An underexposed radiograph is too _____

A

light

(either kVp or mAs is too low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

An overexposed radiograph is too____

A

dark

(either kVp or mAs is too high)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If a radiograph is too light, not enough x rays reached the film. How to correct this?

A

Increase mAs: if increase time, motion will be a problem

Increase kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Radiograph that is too dark, because too many x rays reached the film.

How can we correct this?

A

Decrease mAs

Decrease kVp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

High contrast image

A

low kVp, high mAs

few shades of grey

better for fatty areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Low contrast image

A

high kVp, low mAs

many grey shades

better to see the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What kVp should I use on film for thorax?

A

use high kVp, low mAs

already have subject contrast due to air in lungs

air provides contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What kVp should I use on film for abdomen?

A

fat provides contrast

subject contrast needs to be maximized by technique

use low kVp, high mAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How to correct this radiograph?

A

Decrease the mAs

Decrease the kVp

50
Q

To increase contrast we ____ kVp

A

decreased

51
Q

This radiograph was made using 5 mAs and 100 kVp. The best technique to try next is….

A

decrease mAs to 5, increase kVp to 120

52
Q

Grids help to ____ scatter, but we need ____ x rays when using grid

A

reduce scatter

need 2-3x more xrays

located between xray source and plate/cassette

53
Q

Reasons for a radiograph to look to dark?

A

kVp or mAs too high

xray tube too close to film

technique set for grid but grid not used

light leak in darkroom

54
Q

what causes a radiograph to be too white/light?

A

underdeveloped

55
Q

What format are digital rads in?

A

DICOM

Digital imaging communications in medicine

LARGE files

56
Q

What is included in a DICOM file?

A

image

header: practice, patient, device

57
Q

Type of digital that requires a cassette?

doesnt?

A

CR: computed radiography

DR: direct digital radiography

58
Q

How do film and DR differ?

A

CONTRAST!

contrast is better in DR

59
Q

Advantages of digital?

A

EXPOSURE LATITUDE

CONTRAST OPTIMIZATION

60
Q

Exposure latitude is the extent to which a film can be

A

over or underexposed and still achieve an acceptable result

61
Q

image looks like bone loss but can actually be…

A

Image Dropout!!!

massive overexposure- causes anatomy to disappear

62
Q

Contrast optimization is

A

a smoothing of the grey scale

entire image will have better contrast/differences

63
Q

Contrast resolution is highest on what imaging machine?

A

MRI

(MRI, CT, DR, Film) highest to lowest

64
Q

Tomography

A

images are slices from patient

since rads are 2D, tomography solves this

65
Q

Contrast medium

A

iodinated

given IV

attenuates x rays

enhances visibility of vessels, leaks, GI tract

66
Q

MRI _____ is much greater than CT

A

contrast resolution

67
Q

MRI image appearance is dependent upon

A

chemical composition

water

fat

(most lesions have increased water)

68
Q

FLAIR

A

fluid attenuated

protons in tissue water

69
Q

STIR

A

null signal from fat

70
Q

Reasons for MRI in Vet med

A

Neuroimaging (brain/spinal cord)

Musculoskeleton (equine/canine)

tumor staging

71
Q

What kind of image is this?

A

CT

72
Q

What type of MR image is this?

A

T2 weighted (fat and water has signal)

73
Q

T1

A

protons in fat

74
Q

T2

A

Protons in free water, tissue water, fat

75
Q

All 5 opacities can be seen… label them!

A
76
Q

Magnification

A

magnified image will be larger and less sharp

77
Q

Superimposition

A

A real structure is projected in an unexpected location and is misinterpreted as a lesion

78
Q

Summation

A

two structures overlap and create a summation opacity that is not actually present in patient

79
Q

Silhouette sign

A

the effacement (loss of visualization) of the border of 2 structures of the same radiographic opacity that are in contact

(image is showing the pulmonary veins!!!! since lungs and heart are the same opacity, they superimposed to make pulmonary vein look like its part of the heart)

80
Q

Orienting images

A

lateral: patients head facing to viewers left

VD/DV: patient left on viewers right

proximal to top

81
Q

Abdominal rads: ___ is needed for contrast

A

FAT

82
Q

Boundaries of abdominal rad

A

cranial: edge of diaphragm
caudal: greater trochanter of femurs

83
Q

Propagation velocity value

A

1540m/sec

84
Q

The higher the frequency, the ____ resolution & ____ penetration

A

better resolution

low penetration

superficial structures

85
Q

Low frequency, ___ resolution and ___ penetration

A

low resolution

better penetration

86
Q

Attenuation

A

the loss of ultrasound

increased with distance from transducer, higher frequency (shorter wavelength)

87
Q

Enemies of US?

A

air and bone do not get penetrated

strong interface

88
Q
A
89
Q

What artifact on US?

A

Clean Acoustic Shadowing

90
Q

What artifact on US?

A

Dirty acoustic shadowing

91
Q

Acoutstic enhancement

A

tissue distal to fluid looks brighter (hyperechoic)

92
Q

Name the US artifact

A

edge shadowing

small shadow at edge of round structures

93
Q

Name US artifact

A

Slice thickness artifact

-at curved surfaces like bladder (can mimic sediment)

94
Q

Name US artifact

A

Mirror Image Artifact

highly reflective air/fluid interfaces like diaphragm-lung

concave surfaces

false image that is produced on the other side of the reflector due to its mirror like effect

95
Q

High gain is a ____ image

A

lighter

96
Q

Location of animal and machine during US

A

machine on left side of table

right side of animal since they are VD

head of animal facing machine

97
Q

Anechoic

A

BLACK

very low intensity of returning echos

98
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Less echoic than other structures

(darker)

99
Q

Isoechoic

A

same echogenicity as another structure

100
Q

Hyperechoic

A

higher echnogenicity than other structures

(lighter)

101
Q

Normoechoic

A

as expected for organ

102
Q

Doppler vascularity

A

red towards us

blue away

103
Q

Triad

A

use split screen to compare organs in different planes

104
Q

Free fluid in abdomen

A

earliest accumulation in apex of bladder b/t lobes of liver

105
Q
A

1

106
Q

Hypoechoic liver DDX

A

(Dark)

acute hepatitis

venous congestion

lymphosarcoma

107
Q

Hyperechoic liver DDX

A

(lighter)

diabetes mellitus

hyperadrenocorticism

hepatic lipidosis

lymphosarcoma

108
Q

Sludge seen in gall bladder!

A

normal in animals

109
Q

Thickened gallbladder wall

A

cholecystitis

110
Q

Mineral: hyperechoic casting a clean shadow in gallbladder

A

choleliths

111
Q

what is this structure?

A

normal cat gallbladder

112
Q
A
113
Q
A

spleen > liver > kidney

114
Q
A
115
Q
A
116
Q
A
117
Q

Inspiration vs expiration

A
118
Q

What species? What is arrow pointing to?

A

dog

spleen

119
Q

What view is this?

A

Left lateral

pylorus filled with air

120
Q

What view is this?

A

Right lateral

DI (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions