DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO DIVINE Flashcards
WHO WERE ALVARS?
SAINTS DEVOTED TO VISHNU.
NAYANARS AND ALVARS WERE ONLY FROM HIGH CASTES?
TRUE/FALSE.
FALSE.
THEY CAME FROM ALL CASTES INCLUDING THOSE CONSIDERED UNTOUCHABLES LIKE THE PULAIYAR AND THE PANARS.
NAYANARS AND ALVARS WERE CRITICAL OF?
- BRAHMANICAL DOMINANCE.
- CASTE SYSTEM.
- SHARPLY CRITICAL OF BUDDHISTS AND JAINAS.
THEY PREACHED ARDENT LOVE OF SHIVA OR VISHNU AS THE PATH OF SALVATION.
NAYANARS AND ALVARS BLENDED THE IDEAS OF ________ WITH THE VALUES OF BHAKTI.
THEY DREW UPON THE IDEALS OF LOVE AND HEROISM AS FOUND IN THE SANGAM LITERATURE, AND BLENDED THEM WITH THE VALUES OF BHAKTIS.
TOTAL NUMBER OF NAYANARS?
63.
TOTAL ALVARS?
12.
NAME SOME FAMOUS NAYANARS?
MASKS
1. MANIKKAVASAGAR.
2. APPAR (CONTEMPORARY OF HUAN ZANG).
3. SAMBANDAR.
4. KARAIKKAL AMMAIYAR (MOTHER OF KARAIKKAL).
5. SUNDARAR.
SET OF COMPILATIONS OF NAYANARS SONGS ARE?
- TEVARAM
- TIRUVACAKAM
WOMEN NAYANARS?
3 OUT OF 63 NAYANARS WERE WOMEN.
1. KARAIKKAL AMMAIYAR (24th).
2. MANGAYARKKARASIYAR (50th).
3. ISAIGNAANIYAR- (63rd).- SUNDARAR’S MOTHER.
SOME FAMOUS ALVARS?
- PERIYALVAR.
- ANDAL.
- TONDARADIPPODI ALVAR.
- NAMMALVAR.
WAS THERE ANY WOMEN ALVAR?
ONLY ONE.
ANDAL- DAUGHTER OF PERIYALVAR.
SONGS OF ALVARS WERE COMPILED IN?
DIVYA PRABANDHAM.
PHILOSOPHER SHANKARA WAS BORN IN?
EIGHT CENTURY IN KERELA.
PHILOSOPHY OF SHANKARA?
AND ITS MEANING?
- ADVAITA OR THE DOCTRINE OF THE ONENESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL SOUL AND THE SUPREME GOD WHICH IS THE ULTIMATE REALITY.
- HE TAUGHT THAT BRAHMAN, THE ONLY OR ULTIMATE REALITY, WAS FORMLESS AND WITHOUT ANY ATTRIBUTES.
- HE CONSIDERED THE WORLD AROUND US TO BE AN ILLUSION OR MAYA AND PREACHED RENUNCIATION OF THE WORLD AND ADOPTION OF THE PATH OF KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND THE TRUE NATURE OF BRAHMAN AND ATTAIN SLAVATION.
RAMANUJA BORN IN ________ IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, WAS DEEPLY INFLUENCED BY THE ________.
TAMIL NADU.
ALVARS.
DOCTRINE OF RAMANUJA?
- HE PROPOUNDED THE DOCTRINE OF VISHISHTADVAITA OR QUALIFIED ONENESS IN THAT THE SOUL EVEN WHEN UNITED WITH THE SUPREME GOD REMAIN DISTINCT.
- HIS DOCTRINE GREATLY INSPIRED THE NEW STRAND OF BHAKTI WHICH DEVELOPED IN NORTH INDIA SUBSEQUENTLY.
ACCORDING TO RAMANUJA THE BEST MEANS TO ATTAIN SALVATION WAS?
THROUGH INTENSE DEVOTION TO VISHNU.
VIRASHAIVA MOVEMENT WAS INITIATED BY?
BASAVANNA AND HIS COMPANIONS LIKE ALLAMA PRABHU AND AKKAMAHADEVI.
VIRASHAIVISM BEGAN IN ________ IN THE MID-TWELFTH CENTURY.
KARNATAKA.
VIRASHAIVAS ABOUT CASTE AND BRAHMANICAL IDEAS?
- THEY ARGUED FOR THE EQUALITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS.
- THEY WERE AGAINST BRAHMANICAL IDEAS OF CASTE AND TREATMENT OF WOMEN. BASAVANNA HIMSELF WAS A BRAHMAN BUT WAS AGAINST BRAHMANICAL IDEAS ABOUT CASTE AND TREATMENT OF WOMEN.
- THEY WERE ALSO AGAINST ALL FORMS OF RITUAL AND IDOL WORSHIP.
VIRASHAIVAS ON MARRIAGE AND REBIRTH?
- THEY ALLOWED WIDOW REMARRIAGE.
- ALLOWED POST PUBERTY MARRIAGE.
- QUESTIONED THE THEORY OF REBIRTH.
SOME FAMOUS SAINTS OF MAHARASHTRA FROM THIRTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES?
JENT
1. JNANESHWAR
2. EKNATH
3. NAMDEV
4. TUKARAM
5. WOMEN LIKE SAKHUBAI
6. FAMILY OF CHOKHAMELA, WHO BELONGED TO THE UNTOUCHABLE MAHAR CASTE.
IN MAHARASHTRA (MEDIEVAL INDIA) THE TRADITION OF BHAKTI FOCUSED ON WHICH GOD?
VITTHALA (A FORM OF VISHNU) TEMPLE IN PANDHARPUR, AS WELL AS THE NOTION OF A PERSONAL GOD RESIDING IN THE HEARTS OF ALL PEOPLE.
IDEOLOGY OF SAINTS OF MAHARASHTRA (MEDIEVAL INDIA)?
- THESE SAINTS REJECTED ALL FORMS OF RITUALISM, OUTWARD DISPLAY OF PIETY AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES BASED ON BIRTH.
- THEY EVEN REJECTED THE IDEA OF RENUNCIATION AND PREFERRED TO LIVE WITH THEIR FAMILIES, EARNING THEIR LIVELIHOOD LIKE ANY OTHER PERSON, WHILE HUMBLY SERVING FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS IN NEED.
NARSI MEHTA WAS A SAINT FROM MAHARASHTRA.
TRUE/FALSE.
FALSE.
HE WAS FROM GUJARAT.
HE SAID, “THEY ARE THE VAISHNAVAS WHO UNDERSTAND THE PAIN OF OTHER “.
WHAT IS ABHANG?
MARATHI DEVOTIONAL HYMNS.
NATHPANTHIS, SIDDHACHARAS AND YOGIS IDEAS TO SALVATION?
- THEY ADVOCATED RENUNCIATION OF THE WORLD.
- THE PATH TO SALVATION LAY IN MEDITATION ON THE FORMLESS ULTIMATE.
- TO ACHIEVE THIS THEY ADVOCATED INTENSE TRAINING OF THE MIND AND BODY THROUGH PRACTICES LIKE YOGASANAS, BREATHING EXERCISES AND MEDITATION.
- THESE GROUPS BECAME PARTICULARLY POPULAR AMONG LOW CASTES. THEIR CRITICISM OF CONVENTIONAL RELIGION CREATED THE GROUND FOR DEVOTIONAL RELIGION TO BECOME A POPULAR FORCE IN NORTHERN INDIA.
WHO WERE SUFIS?
THEY WERE MUSLIM MYSTICS WHO REJECTED OUTWARD RELIGIOSITY AND EMPHASISED LOVE AND DEVOTION TO GOD AND COMPASSION TOWARDS ALL FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS.