Developmental stage theories

Question 1

Erickson: 1st year of life (1st stage of 8)

Answer 1

Trust vs. Mistrust
Resolution: hope, optimism

Question 2

Erickson: 2nd and 3rd years of life (2nd stage of 8)

Answer 2

Autonomy vs. Shame
Resolution: Will, self-sufficiency

Question 3

Erickson: 4th through 6th years of life (3rd stage of 8)

Answer 3

Initiative vs. Guilt
Resolution: Purpose, self-confidence

Question 4

Erickson: school-aged (4th stage of 8)

Answer 4

Industry vs. Inferiority
Resolution: Competence

Question 5

Erickson: Adolescence (5th stage of 8)

Answer 5

Identity vs. Confusion
Resolution: Fidelity

Question 6

Erickson: Early Adulthood (6th stage of 8)

Answer 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation
Resolution: Love

Question 7

Erickson: Middle Adulthood (7th stage of 8)

Answer 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation
Resolution: Care

Question 8

Erickson: Late Adulthood (8th stage of 8)

Answer 8

Integrity vs. Despair
Resolution: Wisdom

Question 9

Kohlberg: Preconventional, Stage 1

Answer 9

Pre-conventional: Emphasis on compliance with rules to avoid punishments and get rewards

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment – an act is wrong only if punished

Question 10

Kohlberg: Preconventional, Stage 2

Answer 10

Pre-conventional: Emphasis on compliance with rules to avoid punishments and get rewards

Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism – follow rules to gain rewards

Question 11

Kohlberg: Conventional, Stage 1

Answer 11

Conventional: Conforming to rules to gain social approval

Stage 1: Good Boy/Good Girl – individuals follow rules in order to be perceived as good by others; an act is right if it’s socially acceptable

Question 12

Kohlberg: Conventional, Stage 2

Answer 12

Conventional: Conforming to rules to gain social approval

Stage 2: Law and Order – an individual follows rules to maintain social order

Question 13

Kohlberg: Post-Conventional, Stage 1

Answer 13

Post-Conventional: Focus on what is right, fair, and just

Stage 1: Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws – based on what is best for the greater good for society and determined by democracy

Question 14

Kohlberg: Post-Conventional, Stage 2

Answer 14

Post-Conventional: Focus on what is right, fair, and just

Stage 2: Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience – the individual develops their own moral code and follows it regardless of the law; based on broad, universal principles. Few theorized to reach this stage, but examples include Ghandi and MLK