Developmental Psychology Flashcards
What are the four behaviours proposed by Maccoby for determining whether two individuals have an attachment?
- Seeking proximity.
- Distress on separation.
- Joy on reunion.
- General orientation.
Which researcher studied imprinting in geese?
Lorenz.
Which study investigated the importance of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies?
Klaus and Kennell.
Which study investigated the gradual development of attachments?
Schaffer and Emerson.
What are the two main forms of conditioning?
- Operant.
2. Classical.
How does operant conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?
Negative and positive reinforcement causes child and mother to form attachment behaviours.
How does classical conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?
Association of mother with milk causes child to form attachment behaviour to mother.
Which three studies contradict the learning theory of attachment?
- Schaffer and Emerson.
- Harlow and Harlow.
- Harlow and Zimmerman.
Which researcher proposed the evolutionary theory of attachment?
Bowlby.
What does ‘innate’ mean?
That the behaviour is instinctive.
What does ‘monotropy’ refer to?
The idea that a child may form multiple attachments, but one will always be the most important.
What is an ‘internal working model’?
A template for the child’s future relationships, based on their relationship with their primary caregiver.
How long is the ‘sensitive period’?
Approximately three years.
What does the evolutionary theory state will happen if a child does not form an attachment within the first three years of their life?
The child will become troubled.
Which researchers, using their ‘love quiz’, provide support for the continuity hypothesis?
Hazan and Shaver.
Which researchers contradict the idea of monotropy?
Schaffer and Emerson.
Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment?
Ainsworth.
What are the three types of attachments?
- Secure.
- Insecure avoidant.
- Insecure resistant.
How were types A, B, and C divided?
A: 15%
B: 70%
C: 15%
Which researchers carried out a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation experiment?
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg.
Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Japan?
Takahashi.
Which researchers carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Germany?
Großmann and Großmann.
Which researchers investigated the effects of separation, thereby forming the PDD model?
Robertson and Robertson.
What does PDD stand for?
Protest.
Despair.
Detachment.
What are three behaviours associated with separation anxiety?
- Extreme clinginess.
- Detachment.
- Demanding behaviour.
What five factors affect a child’s response to separation?
- Age.
- Type of attachment.
- Sex of child.
- Who child is left with.
- Previous separation experience.
What is privation?
The lack of attachment at all in early childhood.
What are two types of privation?
- Institutionalisation.
2. Isolation.
Which researcher investigated privation in a pair of Czech twins?
Koluchova.
Which researcher investigated privation in Genie?
Curtiss.
Which researchers investigated the effects of institutionalisation in children brought up in social care?
Tizard and Hodges.
Which researcher is investigating the effect of institutionalisation on Romanian orphans?
Rutter.
Which researcher stated that children need to form attachments to staff in social care homes?
Dontas.
Which researchers stated that positive experiences following institutionalisation are important for later parenting experience?
Quinton and Rutter.
What are the two main options for daycare?
- Nursery-based.
2. Family-based.
Which research study in Sweden investigated the effects of different types of daycare in the long-term?
Campbell, Lamb and Hwang.
What are three studies suggesting positive effects of daycare?
- Andersson.
- Schindler.
- Clarke-Stewart.
What are three studies suggesting negative effects of daycare?
- Field.
- DiLalla.
- Belsky.
Which research study in London investigated the different types of daycare?
Melhuish.
What are five characteristics of good quality daycare?
- Low adult:child ratio.
- Small-sized group.
- Mixed-age group.
- Well-trained staff.
- Low staff turnover.
