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Tor's Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four behaviours proposed by Maccoby for determining whether two individuals have an attachment?

A
  1. Seeking proximity.
  2. Distress on separation.
  3. Joy on reunion.
  4. General orientation.
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2
Q

Which researcher studied imprinting in geese?

A

Lorenz.

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3
Q

Which study investigated the importance of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies?

A

Klaus and Kennell.

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4
Q

Which study investigated the gradual development of attachments?

A

Schaffer and Emerson.

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5
Q

What are the two main forms of conditioning?

A
  1. Operant.

2. Classical.

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6
Q

How does operant conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?

A

Negative and positive reinforcement causes child and mother to form attachment behaviours.

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7
Q

How does classical conditioning lead to the formation of attachments?

A

Association of mother with milk causes child to form attachment behaviour to mother.

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8
Q

Which three studies contradict the learning theory of attachment?

A
  1. Schaffer and Emerson.
  2. Harlow and Harlow.
  3. Harlow and Zimmerman.
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9
Q

Which researcher proposed the evolutionary theory of attachment?

A

Bowlby.

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10
Q

What does ‘innate’ mean?

A

That the behaviour is instinctive.

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11
Q

What does ‘monotropy’ refer to?

A

The idea that a child may form multiple attachments, but one will always be the most important.

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12
Q

What is an ‘internal working model’?

A

A template for the child’s future relationships, based on their relationship with their primary caregiver.

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13
Q

How long is the ‘sensitive period’?

A

Approximately three years.

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14
Q

What does the evolutionary theory state will happen if a child does not form an attachment within the first three years of their life?

A

The child will become troubled.

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15
Q

Which researchers, using their ‘love quiz’, provide support for the continuity hypothesis?

A

Hazan and Shaver.

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16
Q

Which researchers contradict the idea of monotropy?

A

Schaffer and Emerson.

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17
Q

Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment?

A

Ainsworth.

18
Q

What are the three types of attachments?

A
  1. Secure.
  2. Insecure avoidant.
  3. Insecure resistant.
19
Q

How were types A, B, and C divided?

A

A: 15%
B: 70%
C: 15%

20
Q

Which researchers carried out a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation experiment?

A

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg.

21
Q

Which researcher carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Japan?

A

Takahashi.

22
Q

Which researchers carried out the Strange Situation experiment in Germany?

A

Großmann and Großmann.

23
Q

Which researchers investigated the effects of separation, thereby forming the PDD model?

A

Robertson and Robertson.

24
Q

What does PDD stand for?

A

Protest.
Despair.
Detachment.

25
Q

What are three behaviours associated with separation anxiety?

A
  1. Extreme clinginess.
  2. Detachment.
  3. Demanding behaviour.
26
Q

What five factors affect a child’s response to separation?

A
  1. Age.
  2. Type of attachment.
  3. Sex of child.
  4. Who child is left with.
  5. Previous separation experience.
27
Q

What is privation?

A

The lack of attachment at all in early childhood.

28
Q

What are two types of privation?

A
  1. Institutionalisation.

2. Isolation.

29
Q

Which researcher investigated privation in a pair of Czech twins?

A

Koluchova.

30
Q

Which researcher investigated privation in Genie?

A

Curtiss.

31
Q

Which researchers investigated the effects of institutionalisation in children brought up in social care?

A

Tizard and Hodges.

32
Q

Which researcher is investigating the effect of institutionalisation on Romanian orphans?

A

Rutter.

33
Q

Which researcher stated that children need to form attachments to staff in social care homes?

A

Dontas.

34
Q

Which researchers stated that positive experiences following institutionalisation are important for later parenting experience?

A

Quinton and Rutter.

35
Q

What are the two main options for daycare?

A
  1. Nursery-based.

2. Family-based.

36
Q

Which research study in Sweden investigated the effects of different types of daycare in the long-term?

A

Campbell, Lamb and Hwang.

37
Q

What are three studies suggesting positive effects of daycare?

A
  1. Andersson.
  2. Schindler.
  3. Clarke-Stewart.
38
Q

What are three studies suggesting negative effects of daycare?

A
  1. Field.
  2. DiLalla.
  3. Belsky.
39
Q

Which research study in London investigated the different types of daycare?

A

Melhuish.

40
Q

What are five characteristics of good quality daycare?

A
  1. Low adult:child ratio.
  2. Small-sized group.
  3. Mixed-age group.
  4. Well-trained staff.
  5. Low staff turnover.

Tor's Psychology (6 decks)

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