Biological Psychology

Question 1

What is a stressor?

Answer 1

A stimulus/situation imposing demands on an individual.

Question 2

What is primary appraisal?

Answer 2

The person assesses the situation, identifying potential threats or demands.

Question 3

What is secondary appraisal?

Answer 3

The person assesses their ability to cope with the situation.

Question 4

What is the transactional model?

Answer 4

A model of stress. It defines ‘stress’ as an imbalance between perceived demands on an individual and their perceived coping resources.

Question 5

Who noted that rats developed gastric ulcers following daily injections?

Answer 5

Selye.

Question 6

During the HPA stress response, which hormone is released, and from where?

Answer 6

ACTH, from the pituitary gland.

Question 7

Which part of the adrenal system is stimulated during the HPA stress response?

Answer 7

Adrenal cortex.

Question 8

What does the adrenal system release during the HPA stress response?

Answer 8

Corticosteroids.

Question 9

Which part of the adrenal system is stimulated during the SAM stress response?

Answer 9

Adrenal medulla.

Question 10

What does the adrenal system release during the SAM stress response?

Answer 10

Adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Question 11

Who developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Answer 11

Selye.

Question 12

What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 12

1. Alarm.
2. Resistance.
3. Exhaustion.

Question 13

Which study investigated the probability of developing a cold, in relation to stressful life events?

Answer 13

Cohen.

Question 14

Which study investigated the quantity of NK (Natural Killer) cells during stressful times?

Answer 14

Kiecolt-Glaser.

Question 15

Which study investigated the healing times in highly-stressed Alzheimer’s carers.

Answer 15

Kiecolt-Glaser.

Question 16

Which meta-analysis concluded that short-term stressors lead to increased immunity, and long-term stressors lead to suppression of immunity?

Answer 16

Segerstrom and Miller.

Question 17

Which study led to the creation of the SRRS?

Answer 17

Holmes and Rahe.

Question 18

Which study investigated the link between LCUs and illness in healthy participants?

Answer 18

Rahe.

Question 19

Which researcher thought that daily hassles were more significant than life changes?

Answer 19

Lazarus.

Question 20

Which two studies found that correlations with daily hassles and illness were stronger than life changes and illness?

Answer 20

1. DeLongis.

2. Stone and Neale.

Question 21

Which four factors contribute to stress at work?

Answer 21

1. Environment.
2. Work-life balance.
3. Control over workload.
4. Workload.

Question 22

Who carried out the Whitehall I and II studies?

Answer 22

Marmot.

Question 23

Who carried out a study into Swedish sawmill workers?

Answer 23

Johannson.

Question 24

Who studied high demands + low control as a source of high blood pressure?

Answer 24

Fox.

Question 25

Which researcher found 69% of CHD sufferers showed Type A behaviour?

Answer 25

Rosenman.

Question 26

Which researcher found no significance of Type A behaviour in developing CHD?

Answer 26

Shekelle.

Question 27

Which researcher proposed the concept of the hardy personality?

Answer 27

Kobasa.

Question 28

Which researcher proposed the concept of the Type D (Distressed) personality?

Answer 28

Denollet.

Question 29

What are two major general styles of coping?

Answer 29

Problem-focused and emotion-focused.

Question 30

Which study showed that different coping styles are used simultaneously?

Answer 30

Tennen.

Question 31

Who created stress inoculation training (SIT)?

Answer 31

Meichenbaum.

Question 32

What are the three stages of SIT?

Answer 32

1. Conceptualisation. 2. Skills training and rehearsal. 3. Application in the real world.

Question 33

What are the three characteristics of the hardy personality?

Answer 33

1. Control. 2. Challenge. 3. Commitment.

Question 34

What research has shown that SIT is effective in reducing examination stress?

Answer 34

Berger.

Question 35

What research has shown that SIT is effective in reducing snake-related phobia?

Answer 35

Meichenbaum.

Question 36

What are the three stages of hardiness training?

Answer 36

1. Focusing. 2. Reconstructing stressful situations. 3. Self-improvement.

Question 37

What research has shown that hardiness training is effective in reducing stress in both teachers and students?

Answer 37

Maddi.

Question 38

What are two biological methods of stress management?

Answer 38

1. Benzodiazepines. | 2. Beta-blockers.