Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Which two psychologists proposed the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin.

Question 2

How is information transferred from the sensory memory to the short-term memory?

Answer 2

Attention.

Question 3

How is information transferred from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

Answer 3

Elaborate rehearsal.

Question 4

What is the encoding of the sensory memory?

Answer 4

Auditory, visual, tactile.

Question 5

What is the encoding of the short-term memory?

Answer 5

Acoustic.

Question 6

What is the encoding of the long-term memory?

Answer 6

Semantic.

Question 7

What is the duration of the short-term memory?

Answer 7

~20 seconds.

Question 8

What is the duration of the long-term memory?

Answer 8

Unlimited.

Question 9

What is the capacity of the short-term memory?

Answer 9

7±2 items.

Question 10

What is the capacity of the long-term memory?

Answer 10

Unlimited.

Question 11

Which study investigated the existence of sensory memory?

Answer 11

Sperling.

Question 12

Which study found that there is a distinction between short- and long-term memory?

Answer 12

Glanzer and Cunitz.

Question 13

What are three pieces of neurological evidence for the distinction between short- and long-term memory?

Answer 13

HM, KF, Clive Wearing.

Question 14

Which two psychologists investigated the capacity of short-term memory?

Answer 14

1. Jacobs.

2. Miller.

Question 15

Which study investigated the duration of short-term memory?

Answer 15

Peterson and Peterson.

Question 16

Which study investigated the duration of long-term memory?

Answer 16

Bahrick.

Question 17

Which study investigated the encoding of short-term memory?

Answer 17

Conrad.

Question 18

Which study investigated the encoding of long-term memory?

Answer 18

Baddeley.

Question 19

Which psychologists proposed the working memory model?

Answer 19

Baddeley and Hitch.

Question 20

What are the four components of the working memory model?

Answer 20

1. Central executive.
2. Phonological loop.
3. Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
4. Episodic buffer.

Question 21

What is the phonological loop further divided into?

Answer 21

Articulatory process loop and phonological store.

Question 22

Which study provides evidence for the phonological loop?

Answer 22

Baddeley.

Question 23

Which study provides evidence for the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 23

Shepard and Feng.

Question 24

Which study provides evidence for the central executive?

Answer 24

Baddeley.

Question 25

Which study (involving the differentiation between a stop and yield sign) investigated the effects of misleading information on EWT accuracy?

Answer 25

Loftus.

Question 26

When the stop/yield study was accused of demand characteristics, what did the researcher do?

Answer 26

Offered a monetary incentive for providing correct answers. Participants were still influenced by misleading information, and made errors.

Question 27

Which study into EWT investigated high-probability scenarios, and their effect on recall?

Answer 27

List.

Question 28

Which study investigated the presence of schemata in EWT?

Answer 28

Tuckey and Brewer.

Question 29

Which study into EWT involved a video of a boy being shot in the face?

Answer 29

Loftus and Burns.

Question 30

Which study investigated the 'weapon focus' effect?

Answer 30

Loftus.

Question 31

Which study investigated the effect of proximity on recall?

Answer 31

Christianson and Hubinette.

Question 32

Which study investigated the impact on EWT regarding the words "a" and "the"?

Answer 32

Loftus and Zanni.

Question 33

Which study investigated the impact on EWT regarding the verb used in the question?

Answer 33

Loftus and Palmer.

Question 34

Which researcher said that children were more likely to make identifications, but with less accuracy?

Answer 34

Dekle.

Question 35

Which study investigated 'source monitoring' in children?

Answer 35

Poole and Lindsay.

Question 36

Which study investigated the significance of time delay on children's recall?

Answer 36

Flin.

Question 37

Which study found that elderly people were more likely to fail to mention important details?

Answer 37

Yarmey.

Question 38

Which study found that elderly people were more susceptible to misleading information?

Answer 38

Cohen and Faulkner.

Question 39

Which study found evidence for the 'own-age bias'?

Answer 39

Anastasi and Rhodes.

Question 40

What are the four stages of the cognitive interview?

Answer 40

1. Recall Everything (RE). 2. Reinstate Context (RC). 3. Recall reversed Order (RO). 4. Recall changed Perspective (RP).

Question 41

Which study found positive results for the use of the cognitive interview?

Answer 41

Geiselman. One man, leaping out of a geyser. At the top of his voice, he quizzes his witnesses.

Question 42

Which memory improvement technique involves the use of a poem, and associations to a list?

Answer 42

The peg-word method.

Question 43

Which memory improvement technique involves the use of a known place, and associations with that area?

Answer 43

The method of loci.

Question 44

Which study investigated the use of chunking?

Answer 44

Katona. He stands with a katana, slicing chocolate into chunks. All so you can remember his name.

Question 45

Which study found that recall is more successful if recalling in the same room as it was learnt?

Answer 45

Jerabek and Standing. David Beckham with a jerboa on top of his head. Alone, he stands in a room. He remembers everything.

Question 46

Which study investigated the effectiveness of active processing?

Answer 46

Craik and Lockhart. The sham of a professor converses with Harry Potter about the craic. Having to actually interact with the foolish man means Harry retains this painful conversation for the rest of his life.