developmental psych Flashcards
BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
proximity maintenance: children desire to be near caregivers
safe haven: children turn to caregivers when distressed
secure base: caregiver is used for support when child explores or learns
separation distress: when child is away from caregiver
> children who grow up with confidence that their caregiver will be there for them become less afraid adults
theres a critical period of 3 years where that confidence is created
adults’ expectations of relationships are formed in childhood
BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT PROCESS
pre attachment: birth-6w - gets attention of any caregiver by crying etc
attachment in the making: 6w-8m - recognises primary caregiver
clear cut attachment: 6m-2yr - separation anxiety if primary caregiver is absent
formation of reciprocal relationship: 1.5yrs-2yrs+ - child understands that caregiver will return and can negotiate when they return
HARLOW’S MONKEYS
monkeys preferred cloth mothers (care/love) to wire mothers (food)
MARY AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
a caregiver and child and stranger placed in one room. child sometimes left with only stranger in room, sometimes alone, sometimes caregiver returns. children were divided into attachment style categories
secure attachment: child happy when caregiver present, upset when not present
avoidant insecure: child doesnt explore whether caregiver is gone or present
resistant insecure: child always anxious, even after parents’ return
disoriented: parent acts inconsistently kind/apprehensive, child avoids them
PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
assimilation: child tries to fit new info into what they already know
accommodation: child needs to change pre existing ways of thinking to understand new concepts
SENSORIMOTOR: toddler. object permanence
PREOPERATIONAL: symbolic play, egocentric
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL: more logic, but unable to do abstract thinking, CONSERVATION ABILITY
FORMAL OPERATIONAL: logic and reasoning and abstract ideas
VYGOTSKI’S DEVELOPMENT THEORY
children learn from others. ZPD- gap in what a child can do themselves and what they need help to do
lvl 1 - what child is capable on own
lvl 2 - what child can achieve with help
scaffolding - decreasing lvl of help over time till child is capable themselves``
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEV.
PRE CONV.
1 - obedience and punishment
2 - individualism and exchange “whats in it for me”
CONV.
3 - interpersonal relationships - what society expects
4 - maintaining social order
5 - social contract, individual rights - thinking of society as whole
6 - universal principles (imagining being in someone else’s shoes)
PARTEN’S STAGES OF PLAY
non soc.
1 unoccupied: child is observing
2 onlooker: child watches others play
3 solitary: child plays by themself
4 parallel: child plays separately from others but near them
5 - associative: child still plays egocentrically but interacts more with others
6 - coop play: child is interested in game and people playing it
