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PSYCHOLOGY V.2 > DEVELOPMENTAL - Attachment > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENTAL - Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define attachment

A

Close emotional a reciprocal bond between an infant and a caregiver.

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2
Q

What 4 characteristics did Maccoby use to identify attachment?

A
  1. Seeking proximity: desire to be close.
  2. Separation anxiety: distress resulting from being separated from attachment figure.
  3. Pleasure when reunited: relief and joy when reunited with attachment figure.
  4. General orientation of behaviour: the child is aware of where the attachment figure is and they feel reassurance by them being close.
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3
Q

How does behaviorist theory explain attachment?

A

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

Explain classical conditioning in the context of attachment

A

The baby’s desire for food is fulfilled when the mother is around to feed it. The mother and food become associated. An association is made between mother and food.

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5
Q

Explain operant conditioning in the context of attachment

A

(Dollar & Miller) Babies feel discomfort when hungry. The mother feeds them removing this discomfort (negative reinforcement)

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6
Q

Which studies challenge the behaviorist approach?

A

Harlow & Harlow - Monkeys became attached to the surrogate mother that gave them comfort rather than food.
Schaffer & Emerson - 40% of babies studies did not form an attachment to their main caregiver.

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7
Q

What are the 7 main parts of Bowlby’s theory of attachment

A

1) Internal working model
2) Monotropy
3) Sensitive period
4) Adaptive
5) Social releasers
6) Innate
7) Safe base

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8
Q

Define ‘Internal working model’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

A template for all future relationships

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9
Q

Define ‘Monotropy’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

A tenancy for infants to form a single strong bond of attachment.

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10
Q

Define ‘Sensitive period’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

The first 3 years of life is the time when a child is most sensitive to form attachments.
An infant must bond with in the period of time.

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11
Q

Define ‘Adaptive’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

A preparedness to form a bond with a caregiver, this takes place in the sensitive period.

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12
Q

Define ‘Social releasers’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

Social signals the infant performs such as cooing in order to encourage the formation of an attachment with its caregiver.

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13
Q

Define ‘Innate’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

Everyone is born with the trait to form attachments.

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14
Q

Define ‘Safe base’ in terms of Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

A strong attachment provides us with a ‘safe base’ for exploration of our environment.

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15
Q

Which study supports Bowlby’s concept that we are evolved to attach and that attachment is innate?

A

Harlow & Harlow

The baby monkeys were raised in isolation but still formed at attachment to a surrogate mother.

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16
Q

Which study goes against Bowlby’s idea of monotropy?

A

Schaffer & Emerson

Babies formed multiple attachments.

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17
Q

Which study supports Bowlby’s idea of early attachments acting as an ‘Internal working model’?

A

Hazan & Shaver

Our relationship with out parents mirrors the relationships we have later in life.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of attachment?

A

Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant

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19
Q

Ainsworth et al

A

The strange situation

20
Q

What are the two theories explaining different types of attachment

A

Maternal sensitivity hypothesis

Infant temperament hypothesis

21
Q

Explain the maternal sensitivity hypothesis

A

Strength of attachment is based upon how the mother/primary caregiver responds to her baby.
Securely attached infants have the most responsive mothers.

22
Q

Explain the infant temperament hypothesis

A

Strength of attachment is dependent of the way babies act from birth.
Different aspects of temperament include:
-Activity
-Emotionality
-Sociability

23
Q

What is Robertson’s PDD model

A

When an attachment is disrupted the child will express

  • P rotest
  • D espair
  • D etachment
24
Q

Which study is in support of the PDD model?

A

Robertson & Robertson

25
Q

2 evaluative points on Robertson’s PDD model

A

1) It has important implications for childcare concerning regular parental visits.
2) Many factors influence how a child reacts to a separation e.g. quality of care, individual temperament, how many separations they have experienced.

26
Q

Describe Bolwby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis.

A

Deprivation from the main carer during the critical period will be harmful to a child’s social, emotional and physical development.
Long term effect of deprivation include poor future relationships as a result of emotional insecurity.

27
Q

Which studies support Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation theory?

A

Goldfarb
Found that children in an orphanage who were socially and maternally deprived were less intellectually and socially developed.

28
Q

Define separation

A

A child is away from their caregiver for a relatively short period of time.

29
Q

Define deprivation

A

Loss of an attachment figure, implying a long term of permanent separation/loss.

30
Q

Define privation

A

When a child never forms a bond with an attachment figure.

31
Q

Give 2 examples of case studies looking into the effects of privation

A

Curtiss - Genie

Koluchova - The case of the Czech twins

32
Q

What were the main differences between Genie & the Czech twins that may have lead to the twins recovering better from privation than Genie ? (3 reasons)

A
  • The twins were in privation for less time
  • The twins had each other to form attachments with and communicate
  • After the privation the twins received good care as the were adopted, Genie was passed between psychologists.
33
Q

What are the limitations of using the case studies of Genie and the Czech twins as evidence for harmful effects of privation? (3 reasons)

A
  • The children suffered other forms of privation (social & intellectual) not just maternal.
  • hard to generalise the findings as the are individualistic.
  • More controlled scientific evidence is needed but this is not ethically possible.
34
Q

Which studies suggest the effects of privation are lasting?

A

Quinton et al
Curtiss - Genie
Splitz

35
Q

Which studies suggest the effects of privation can be reversed?

A

Rutter er al

Koluchova

36
Q

Methodological issues in privation research concerning experimental research. (3 issues)

A
  • Unable to conduct true experimental research on the effects of privation for ethical reasons.
  • Cannot randomly allocate children to conditions
  • There may be extraneous variables that affect the relationship between the IV & DV that are uncontrollable/hidden. Therefore it is hard to draw conclusions about cause and effect.
37
Q

Methodological issue concerning the use of case studies when looking at privation

A

Case studies looking at extreme privation are very rare and unusual. Meaning results cannot be generalised.

38
Q

Give 2 different types of daycare

A

Day nurseries

Child minders

39
Q

Why is it be ethically challenging to study children in daycare?

A

Children cannot give consent themselves. It must be granted by a gatekeeper.

40
Q

Why might the characteristics of parents who do and don’t choose daycare differ?

A

Certain types of parents may use day care.

Certain types of parents may have certain types of children/ relationships with their children.

41
Q

What factors affects the quality of daycare?

A
  • Amount of attention children receive
  • Facilities e.g. intellectually stimulating
  • Qualifications of carers
42
Q

What did Belksy find when looking at daycare? (3 findings)

A
  • Children having more hours in daycare are more likely to be insecurely attached.
  • Good quality daycare can be beneficial but poor quality can have the opposite effect.
  • Children who spent more time in daycare were more likely to be regarded as aggressive.
43
Q

Which studies show the positive effects of daycare?

A

Clarke-Steward et al

Shea

44
Q

Which studies show the negative effects of daycare?

A

Belksy & Rovine

45
Q

What is the cycle of privation?

A

A theory that suggests children who experience privation do on to have difficulties caring for their own children.

PSYCHOLOGY V.2 (12 decks)

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