developmental area year 2

Question 1

strengths of the developmental area?

Answer 1

useful

deterministic, can explain why individuals of differing ages have differing abilities

could be considered more holistic than other areas bc developmental psychologists consider both the impact of nature and nurture on the individual

Question 2

who was Kohlberg inspired by?

Answer 2

Piaget

Question 3

aim of kohlberg?

Answer 3

to investigate how morals develop over time and to devise stages of moral development

Question 4

sample of kohlberg?

Answer 4

75 American Boys

aged 10-16 at the beginning.

followed every 3 years for 12 years until they were 22-28

also looked at children from Malaysia, Taiwan, Canada, Mexico, UK and Turkey

Question 5

procedure of kohlberg?

Answer 5

a longitudinal study

he measured thinking behaviour over 12 years

he gave boys HYPOTHETICAL moral dilemmas every 3 years (such as the Heinz dilemma). The boys were asked to solve these dilemmas and give their reasoning

from the results, Kohlberg created his Stages of Moral Development which have 3 levels and 6 stages

Question 6

what are morals?

Answer 6

standards of behaviour

they’re our principles of right / wrong and how we should treat one another

Question 7

what were the three levels in kohlberg?

Answer 7

level 1 - preconventional level (ages 4-10)

level 2 - conventional level

level 3 - postconventional level

Question 8

what was stage 1 of kohlbergs stages?

Answer 8

obedience and punishment

Question 9

what was stage 6 of Kohlbeg’s stages?

Answer 9

universal ethical principles

base judgement on universal human rights

Question 10

findings of kohlberg?

Answer 10

ps progressed through the stages as they got older, and always in the same order

some ps never reached stage 6

at age 16, stage 6 was more prevalent in American boys than either Mexican or Taiwanese participants. This stage was reached by ps in Mexico and Taiwan at a later age.

middle class children were found to be more advanced than lower class children

Question 11

conclusions of kohlberg?

Answer 11

moral development changes with age

the stages are the same, but individuals may progress more quickly, due to factors such as culture and social class differences.

Question 12

what is self aggrandisement?

Answer 12

bragging about personal achievements (including high marks and good deeds)

Question 13

what is self effacement?

Answer 13

not making yourself noticeable / not trying to make yourself noticed

Question 14

aim of Lee’s study?

Answer 14

to investigate the judgement of lying and truth telling to see if there is a difference between cultures that change between the ages of 7, 9 and 11

Question 15

participants of Lee?

Answer 15

108 Canadian children: 36 7yos, 40 9 yos and 32 11yos, 58 boys and 50 girls. All from New Brunswick, Canada

120 Chinese children: 40 7yos, 40 9yos, 40 11yos, equal gender splits. From Hangzhou, China

Question 16

procedure of Lee?

Answer 16

children were tested individually and were required to listen to 4 mini stories and provide their judgement on what they thought about the character in the story when the character either lied or told the truth about something they did earlier in the story

these stories were either prosocial (character did something good such as picking up garbage) or antisocial (character did something bad such as pushed another child over)

each story had two halves. the child was read the first half of a story and then asked if what they did was good or naughty. the child would be asked to use a rating scale to respond to the question, with symbols to make it easier for them to understand

the child was then told the second half of a story, where the character either lied or told the truth about what they had done

the participant was then asked if what they said was good or naughty. the child would be asked to use the rating scale again to respond to the question. this procedure was carried out on the remaining 3 stories

the stories were always read in one of two orders to counterbalance. The meaning of the symbols on the rating scale were repeated to the child each time the question was asked. When doing this, the good and naughty meanings were alternated so the child wasn’t just saying the first or last option

Question 17

results of lee– similarities between cultures?

Answer 17

no difference in the order the stories were given

no gender difference

both cultures always saw good deeds as good and bad deeds as bad

both cultures approved of truth telling in antisocial situations which increased age– both cultures thought you should tell the truth if you have been naughty

Question 18

results of Lee– differences between cultures, prosocial, truth telling situations?

Answer 18

canadian children rated truth telling similarly at all ages. Canadian children’s perception of truth telling does not change as they get older

however, the older the Chinese children, the less favourable they saw truth telling in prosocial situations (did not want to brag about helping). as the Chinese children aged, they saw it less favourable to tell the truth about helping others

Question 19

results of Lee– differences between cultures, prosocial, lie telling situations?

Answer 19

canadian children rated lie telling negatively and this became less negative as age increased.

chinese children rated lie telling in prosocial situations as negative at age 7 to more positively at age 11

Question 20

qualitative data in Lee?

Answer 20

children were asked for their reasoning

for their negative ratings of truth telling in prosocial story, nearly half of the Chinese children said the child was ‘begging for’ or ‘wanting’ praise

1/3 of the Chinese children said you shouldn’t leave your name after doing a good deed

Question 21

conclusions of Lee?

Answer 21

culture and age have an impact on children’s moral judgements / development

chinese culture’s emphasis on modesty and self effacement impacts Chinese children’s moral development

nurture and situational factors eg culture impact moral development