developmental area year 2 Flashcards
strengths of the developmental area?
useful
deterministic, can explain why individuals of differing ages have differing abilities
could be considered more holistic than other areas bc developmental psychologists consider both the impact of nature and nurture on the individual
who was Kohlberg inspired by?
Piaget
aim of kohlberg?
to investigate how morals develop over time and to devise stages of moral development
sample of kohlberg?
75 American Boys
aged 10-16 at the beginning.
followed every 3 years for 12 years until they were 22-28
also looked at children from Malaysia, Taiwan, Canada, Mexico, UK and Turkey
procedure of kohlberg?
a longitudinal study
he measured thinking behaviour over 12 years
he gave boys HYPOTHETICAL moral dilemmas every 3 years (such as the Heinz dilemma). The boys were asked to solve these dilemmas and give their reasoning
from the results, Kohlberg created his Stages of Moral Development which have 3 levels and 6 stages
what are morals?
standards of behaviour
they’re our principles of right / wrong and how we should treat one another
what were the three levels in kohlberg?
level 1 - preconventional level (ages 4-10)
level 2 - conventional level
level 3 - postconventional level
what was stage 1 of kohlbergs stages?
obedience and punishment
what was stage 6 of Kohlbeg’s stages?
universal ethical principles
base judgement on universal human rights
findings of kohlberg?
ps progressed through the stages as they got older, and always in the same order
some ps never reached stage 6
at age 16, stage 6 was more prevalent in American boys than either Mexican or Taiwanese participants. This stage was reached by ps in Mexico and Taiwan at a later age.
middle class children were found to be more advanced than lower class children
conclusions of kohlberg?
moral development changes with age
the stages are the same, but individuals may progress more quickly, due to factors such as culture and social class differences.
what is self aggrandisement?
bragging about personal achievements (including high marks and good deeds)
what is self effacement?
not making yourself noticeable / not trying to make yourself noticed
aim of Lee’s study?
to investigate the judgement of lying and truth telling to see if there is a difference between cultures that change between the ages of 7, 9 and 11
participants of Lee?
108 Canadian children: 36 7yos, 40 9 yos and 32 11yos, 58 boys and 50 girls. All from New Brunswick, Canada
120 Chinese children: 40 7yos, 40 9yos, 40 11yos, equal gender splits. From Hangzhou, China
procedure of Lee?
children were tested individually and were required to listen to 4 mini stories and provide their judgement on what they thought about the character in the story when the character either lied or told the truth about something they did earlier in the story
these stories were either prosocial (character did something good such as picking up garbage) or antisocial (character did something bad such as pushed another child over)
each story had two halves. the child was read the first half of a story and then asked if what they did was good or naughty. the child would be asked to use a rating scale to respond to the question, with symbols to make it easier for them to understand
the child was then told the second half of a story, where the character either lied or told the truth about what they had done
the participant was then asked if what they said was good or naughty. the child would be asked to use the rating scale again to respond to the question. this procedure was carried out on the remaining 3 stories
the stories were always read in one of two orders to counterbalance. The meaning of the symbols on the rating scale were repeated to the child each time the question was asked. When doing this, the good and naughty meanings were alternated so the child wasn’t just saying the first or last option
results of lee– similarities between cultures?
no difference in the order the stories were given
no gender difference
both cultures always saw good deeds as good and bad deeds as bad
both cultures approved of truth telling in antisocial situations which increased age– both cultures thought you should tell the truth if you have been naughty
results of Lee– differences between cultures, prosocial, truth telling situations?
canadian children rated truth telling similarly at all ages. Canadian children’s perception of truth telling does not change as they get older
however, the older the Chinese children, the less favourable they saw truth telling in prosocial situations (did not want to brag about helping). as the Chinese children aged, they saw it less favourable to tell the truth about helping others
results of Lee– differences between cultures, prosocial, lie telling situations?
canadian children rated lie telling negatively and this became less negative as age increased.
chinese children rated lie telling in prosocial situations as negative at age 7 to more positively at age 11
qualitative data in Lee?
children were asked for their reasoning
for their negative ratings of truth telling in prosocial story, nearly half of the Chinese children said the child was ‘begging for’ or ‘wanting’ praise
1/3 of the Chinese children said you shouldn’t leave your name after doing a good deed
conclusions of Lee?
culture and age have an impact on children’s moral judgements / development
chinese culture’s emphasis on modesty and self effacement impacts Chinese children’s moral development
nurture and situational factors eg culture impact moral development
