developmental area Flashcards

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1
Q

according to the developmental area, what is behaviour due to?

A

our experiences

as we experience new cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences and information, we build it into our future behaviours

in this way, our behaviour develops over a lifetime

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2
Q

what are cognitive influences on development?

A

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

how does our sense of right and wrong develop over time

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3
Q

behavioural influences on development?

A

experiencing punishment or reinforcement following behaviour can encourage or discourage repetition of behaviour

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4
Q

example of how environmental factors influence development

A

feral child ‘Genie’ raised socially isolated but developed non-verbal communication

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5
Q

what is the methodology of the developmental area?

A

developmental psychology is interested in how behaviour is affected by experiences

researchers want to make comparisons between people who have had different experiences

use methods such as observations, brain scans and experiments

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6
Q

what is Social Learning Theory?

A

says behaviour is learnt through the watching and imitation of role models

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7
Q

what were the 4 processes needed for social learning that Bandura (1977) said there were?

A
  • attention: we notice a behaviour
  • retention: we copy behaviours we remember
  • reproduction: we copy behaviours we are capable of
  • motivation: we must be motivated to reproduce a behaviour
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8
Q

what did Bandura and Hudson (1961) say?

A

children will imitate behaviour demonstrated by a model when the model remained present in the room

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9
Q

aim of bandura?

A

aimed to demonstrate that learning can occur through the observation of a model and that imitation of the learned behaviour can occur without the model being present

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10
Q

what were the four hypotheses to test in Bandura’s study?

A
  • children viewing aggressive models will carry out more aggressive acts resembling the models than children in the non aggressive model or no model conditions
  • children shown non aggressive models will show significantly less aggressive behaviour than children in the aggressive or no model condition
  • boys will imitate more aggressive behaviours than girls
  • children will imitate more behaviours if the model is the same sex as them
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11
Q

experimental method of bandura?

A

quasi

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12
Q

sample demographics of bandura?

A

72 children from a nursery at Stanford University

ages ranged from 37 months to 69 months, with an average of 52 months

36 girls and 36 boys

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13
Q

how were aggression ratings calculated in bandura?

A

given before children were allocated a condition

observed in their normal social interactions in the nursery by a teacher + experimenter

were rated for physical + verbal aggression, aggression towards inanimate objects and aggression inhibition on a 5 point scale

children then placed into groups of 3 based on similar aggression ratings

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14
Q

how were pts allocated to conditions in bandura?

A

3 main conditions: aggressive, non aggressive and no model

one child from each grp of three randomly allocated into each condition

within experimental grps there was another set of conditions based on sex of pts and model. This gave a total of 8 experimental grps. each containing 6 pts and one control grp containing 24 pts

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15
Q

what was stage one of bandura’s procedure?

A

in the experimental conditions the participant was taken into the first room where they were given some high interest activities eg potato prints and stickers

model sat in opposite corner of room w tinker toy set + bobo doll

NON AGGRESSIVE: model would play quietly play w tinker set and ignore doll

AGGRESSIVE: model played w tinker toy set. after 1 minute, they would start being aggressive to the bobo doll by hitting, throwing and shouting eg ‘SOCK HIM IN THE NOSE’

first stage lasted 10 MINUTES

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16
Q

stage 2 of bandura?

A

aggression arousal:

  • all pts completed this stage
  • pts taken to a second room w attractive toys eg firetrucks + tea sets, and were allowed to play w them

after 2 mins, the experimenter told the child that these toys were the best and so reserved for other children. they were told they could play with toys in the third room instead

this gave pts motivation to be aggressive

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17
Q

stage three of bandura?

A

third room contained a range of toys and were standardised

all the toys from the first room were in the third room. there were also additional aggressive toys eg a dart gun. they were observed through a one way mirror for 20 mins whilst they played

a behavioural checklist was used during the observation. a note was made for one of the categories once every 5 secs, giving each child 240 behaviour ratings

behavioural categories:
- imitative aggression (hitting doll with mallet)
- partially imitative aggression (hitting doll with something other than the mallet)
- non-imitative aggression (shooting the doll with a dart gun)
- no aggression (colouring)

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18
Q

findings of bandura?

A

1) children in the aggressive model condition showed significantly more aggressive responses than those in the other two conditions

2) no overall significant difference was found between the behaviour of children in the non aggressive model grp and the control grp

3) boys imitated more physical aggression than girls, however there was no significant difference between boys and girls regarding verbal aggression

4) there was some evidence of a ‘same-sex’ effect for boys but not for girls. overall, male models have a higher level of imitation than female models in all children

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19
Q

conclusions of Bandura?

A

this study provides evidence to support Social Learning Theory

Behaviour can be affected by external influences, eg who we view as role models

characteristics of role models, eg sex of model, have an effect on imitation

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20
Q

strengths of Bandura?

A

matched pairs - individual differences have less of an impact

useful - imitation of behaviours seen on TV

behavioural checklist - all data relevant

quantitative data (from room 3 observation) - easy to analyse

21
Q

weaknesses of Bandura?

A

ethics - protection from psychological harm lacking, kids told that they’re not good enough for toys

ethnocentric - all from Stanford Uni nursery, less validity

ethics - kids didn’t give consent to be in study

22
Q

what does the behaviourist perspective assume about behaviour?

A
  • humans are born ‘Tabula Rasa’, meaning were are not born w any information on how to behave. behaviour is therefore leart and shaped by interactions w the environment and others

takes the NURTURE side of the debate

sees psychology as a science

tend to use observations and experiments to collect objective data

23
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning through association

we have an unconditioned response to stimuli (eg salivating at food). if we then pair a conditioned stimuli eg a bell with this, eventually we associate the two and will produce the response for the conditioned stimuli

24
Q

what did Watson and Rayner do?

A

conditioned a 9 month old baby to develop a fear of white fur

Albert was shown different stimuli and he wasn’t initially scared of any of these (fire, white rat, dog etc). then, every time he was shown the white rat, someone would make a loud noise and Albert would cry.

after conditioning, albert learnt to associate the white rat with the loud noise, so would cry when he was the white rat regardless of noise

25
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning through rewards and punishments

when we are rewarded, we want to repeat a behaviour so we get the reward again

when we are punished, we avoid repeating the behaviour to avoid punishment

26
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

something positive happens after a behaviour, eg the rat pushes the lever and receives food

27
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

something negative happens until a behavior occurs, eg there is an electric current through the cage until the rat presses the lever

28
Q

what is punishment?

A

something negative happens after a behaviour eg the rat pushes the lever and an electric current is run through the cage

29
Q

strengths of the behaviourist perspective?

A
  • highlights importance of environmental influences on behaviour. by being aware of the influence of our environment we can make changes to shape behaviour eg using reinforcement to encourage children to take their medication
  • the behaviourist perspective forms the basis of many forms of therapy eg classical conditions is used during flooding therapy for phobias
  • focused on observable behaviour measured in controlled settings. by conducting research in a scientific research in a scientific way, the behaviourist perspective contributes to the credibility of psychology
30
Q

weaknesses of the behaviourist perspective?

A
  • due to the focus on environment, it ignores influence of nature. reductionist to ignore the influence that factors such as genetic and brain structure have on learning
  • can be difficult or inappropriate to apply findings to real world, eg to what extent should we control the environment children are exposed to
  • reduced ecological validity due to highly controlled settings. conditions may fail to resemble the real world so may be difficult to generalise results
31
Q

what is asthma?

A

a common lung condition that causes occasional breathing difficulties

32
Q

what is a Funhaler?

A

an inhaler attachment device that incorporates an incentive toy module (including a spinning disk and whistle) which is activated by the child’s breathing pattern

33
Q

aim of Chaney?

A

to establish the acceptance, ease of use and compliance of the Funhaler compared with the currently used standard inhaler

a pilot study to determine the basis for further clinical trials

34
Q

experimental method of Chaney?

A

field experiment

35
Q

IV of Chaney?

A

standard inhaler or Funhaler

36
Q

experimental design of Chaney?

A

repeated measures

37
Q

sample of Chaney?

A

pts recruited through 7 GP surgeries from doctors in Perth, Australia

32 pts
22 male, 10 female

ages ranged from 1.5 to 6

average length of time since their diagnosis was 2.2 years

38
Q

how were the participants selected for Chaney?

A

before study began, parents of asthmatic children who were using a standard inhaler were randomly selected and contacted by their GP to ask if they would like to take part.

Parents then gave written consent before the start of the study

39
Q

procedure of Chaney?

A

parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s use of the standard inhaler device.

this was made of closed questions including ‘Are you successful at always medicating your child? Always/Not always’

After completing the questionnaire, parents given a Funhaler device to use instead of the standard inhaler. they were asked to use the device for 2 weeks and told the device should only be used with adult supervision

during the 2 week period of using the Funhaler parents were occasionally contacted and asked whether the child had used the Funhaler the previous day

At the end of the 2 week period, researcher came to pts’ homes to give second questionnaire identical to the first. was completed by same parent who completed the first

40
Q

findings of Chaney

A

59% of the time said yes to using inhaler the previous day with the standard inhaler compared to 81% of the time w Funhaler

50% achieved recommended 4 breath cycles per delivery w standard inhaler, 80% for Funhaler

10% always successfully medicated child with standard inhaler, 73% of the time w Funhaler

41
Q

conclusions of Chaney?

A

using the behaviourist learning theory of operant conditioning (specifically positive reinforcement) can be effective at improving the adherence of medication in young asthmatics

the Funhaler can improve compliance and the health development of children. This device can improve compliance and the health development of children. This device has the potential to prevent the hospitalisation of young children

42
Q

strengths of Chaney?

A

ethics = parents gave written consent

field experiment - higher ecological validity

useful - prevents hospitalisation of young children

43
Q

weaknesses of Chaney?

A

slight gender bias (22 male 10 female)

field experiment - lower levels of control

closed questions lack depth and detail

44
Q

differences between Bandura and Chaney?

A

bandura quasi vs chaney field

bandura lower ecological validity, chaney higher

bandura matched pairs vs repeated measures chaney

45
Q

similarities of Chaney vs Bandura?

A

both useful

both ethnocentric

both quantitative data

46
Q

how does chaney change our understanding of individual diversity?

A

different external influences of behaviour shown (bandura social learning theory, chaney positive reinforcement)

47
Q

how does chaney change our understanding of social diversity?

A

bandura in Standford Uni Nursery, socioeconomic privelage

chaney in Perth, recruited from GPs

48
Q

how does chaney change our understanding of cultural diversity?

A

both ethnocentric, Bandura in America, Chaney in Australia