Developmental Flashcards
Horizontal Decalage
Gradual skill development within a single developmental stage
Propositional thought
evaluate the logic of an abstract statement
Elkind
Personal Fable and Imaginary Audience in adolescence
Vygotsky’s Private Speech
Children’s self-directed speech when problem-solving
Reminiscence Bump
In elderly, most recalled events come from ages 15-25
Maybe due to identity formation at that time
Synchrony effect
Differences in circadian rhythms result in different performance at different times of day by age.
Older adults – best in morning
Younger adults – best in late afternoon/evening
Developmental vulnerability
From conception, boys have more vulnerability than girls to various risk factors
Learning theory of language development
Language learning results from imitation and reinforcement
Nativist theory of language development
humans are biologically programmed to acquire language.
Social interactionist theory of language development
Language depends on both bio and social factors. A native capacity + strong social drive and rich language environment result in language learning.
Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device
A nativist theory, humans have a linguistic processor that enables children to understand the rules of language
Phonemes
Smallest unit of sound in language
Morphemes
Smallest unit of language with meaning. Can be free (words) or bound (to other words, eg prefixes, suffixes).
(think: you’ve morphed my meaning!)
Semantics (language component)
The meanings of different parts of language
Syntax
How words are organized into phrases
Pragmatics (language component)
How language is used in a social context to communicate
Vocabulary Spurt
Rapid increase in vocabulary beginning around 18 months
Holophrastic speech
Using a single word to express a whole thought (12-15 months)
Telegraphic speech
Two-word phrases (18-24 months)
Overextension and underextension (language)
Children use a word too broadly or narrowly
Overregularization (language)
Children misapply rules for plurals and past tense.
Language Brokering
When children from immigrant families act as translators.
This has mixed effects (competence/confidence, also anxiety/frustration and role-reversal)
Animism (theorist)
Piaget (preoperational stage, age 2-7)
Centration (theorist, definition)
Piaget (preoperational)
Focus on only one aspect
Circular Reactions (theorist and order)
Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
from Reflexive to Sensory to Objects to Cause and effect
Decentration and Reversibility (theorist)
Piaget (concrete operational stage)
Declarative memory - 2 types
Semantic (facts/knowledge) and Episodic (events)
Egocentrism (theorist)
Piaget (preoperational stage)
lacking sophisticated theory of mind
Equilibrium (theorist, definition)
Piaget - Motivation for development. Consistency between new information and assimilated/accomodated information (schemas)
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage: ages and accomplishments
Birth- 2 years
Object permanence and basic representational thought (including make believe play and deferred imitation)
Ages and abilities in Piaget’s preoperational stage
Age 2-7
Think about past/future, represent one object with another,
Transductive reasoning
Spurious correlations (characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage)
Ages and abilities in Piaget’s concrete operational stage
7-12 years
Logical operations based on physical characteristics
Decentration (more than one aspect at a time)
Reversibility (of actions/processes)
Ages and abilities in Piaget’s formal operational stage
12 years and older
Abstract thinking
Hypothetical deductive reasoning (test alternative hypotheses)
Propositional thought (evaluate the logic of an abstract statement)
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory: how does development occur
First interpersonally then intrapersonally (kids internalize directions from others)
Within zone of proximal development (what they can do with support)
Scaffolding (prompting through a task)
What did Vygotsky propose as a function of pretend play?
It creates a zone of proximal development
2 possible explanations for childhood amnesia
Limited language skills
Insufficient sense of self
Age related decline in types of memory
Episodic memory declines with age, while semantic and non-declarative do not.
Greatest decline in recent long term, then short term working memory.
Least affected is short term (primary) and remote long-term
Sex difference in math abilities
In adolescence, girls>boys on computation, boys>girls on reasoning and problem-solving
Sex differences in self-esteem
Boys>Girls from adolescence onward
Evidence supporting Chomsky’s language acquisition device (2 findings)
Languages have the same basic grammatical structure and children acquire language at similar ages
3 types of cry from birth
Low pitch rhythmic – hunger/discomfort
Shrill non-rhythmic – frustration
Loud high-pitch then silence - pain
Piaget’s 3 stages of moral development
Premoral (birth-5)
Heteronomous (6-10)
Autonomous (10+)
Piaget’s premoral stage
Birth – 5
Very limited understanding of rules and morality
Piaget’s heteronomous stage of moral development
6-10 years
rules are made by authorities and cannot be changed. Judgments are based on consequences of behavior.
Piaget’s Autonomous stage of moral development
11+
Rules are determined/changed based on agreement. Judgments based on intentions.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
and what was the basis
Based on Heinz dilemma, each have 2 sub-stages.
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Basis for moral judgments in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development
a) Punishment and obedience
b) Instrumental hedonism (whether or not it leads to rewards or satisfies the person’s needs)
Basis for moral judgments in Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral development
a) Good boy/girl – based on social approval
b) Law/order orientation – rules of authorities
Basis for moral judgments in Kohlberg’s postconventional stage of moral development
(a) the morality of contract – democratically chosen laws
(b) Individual conscience – broad, universally applicable principles
Bowlby’s ethological theory
Infants/moms are predisposed to form attachment for survival. Infant behaviors solicit proximity and care
Which theorist made internal working models
Bowlby
Three signs of attachment in infancy
Social referencing
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Three classifications based on Adult Attachment Interview
Autonomous
Preoccupied
Dismissing
Describe the cultural differences in attachment
Secure is the most common cross culturally
Within insecure, avoidant is more common in individualistic and resistant is more common in collectivist
Separation from parents in hospital does not cause adverse effects before what age
7 months
What primary emotions are shown from birth
Contentment, interest, distress
What secondary emotions begin around age 2
Envy, empathy, embarrassment
What complex emotions emerge by 3 years?
Shame, guilt, pride
What is the lifespan trend in emotions?
Negative emotions decrease and positive emotions are stable or increase during adulthood. In senior years, emotions are tied to health status.
Positivity effect (emotions)
Older adults attend to and recall more positive information than younger adults
Patterson’s Coercive family interaction model
aggression
Threats/punishment stops misbehavior (temporarily)
Children learn these aggressive behaviors, and learn to ignore them or temper tantrum
Aggressive family interactions escalate over time
How does parent training effectiveness for childhood aggression vary by ses and severity?
For severe problems, training is equally effective across ses.
Low SES families benefit less when the child’s problems are mild
Prospective Memory
Memory for future events (eg plan to do something at a future time, forget to do that thing). Eg, forgetting why you had set a timer.
