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GU BLOCK > DEVELOPMENT: Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT: Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q 
●Androgens- from Adrenal gland
●Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
●Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
●Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
●Inhibin
●Luteinising Hormone (LH)
●Oestrogen
●Testosterone

These are the key hormones and regulatory factors in ?

A

Males XY

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2
Q 
●FSH
●GnRH
●Inhibin
●LH
●Oestrogen
●Oxytocin
●Progesterone
●Relaxin
●Testosterone

These are the key factors and hormones in?

A

Females XX

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3
Q
  1. Ovarian cycle (maturation of the oocyte)
  2. Uterine cycle (suitable implantation environment)
  3. Cervical cycle (controls sperm entry)

Are all controlled by

A

Reproductive cycle

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4
Q

Which cycles need to be regulated and controlled to create optimal conditions for fertilisation and implantation?

A
  1. Ovarian cycle (maturation of the oocyte)
  2. Uterine cycle (suitable implantation environment)
  3. Cervical cycle (controls sperm entry)
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5
Q

Female gonads are a site of?

A

Endocrine production

Growth factor production

Regulatory peptides (inhibin)

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6
Q

EGF, FGF and IGF act locally to regulate

A

Ovarian function

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7
Q

EGF, FGF and IGF act locally to regulate ovarian function by

A

Controlling immunity, steroid production and connective tissue remodelling

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8
Q

Ovarian hormones regulate

A

Hypothalamus and brain via NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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9
Q

Female reproduction is influenced by stress more than the male reproductive system. May be related to up to 50% of cases of female infertility

True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

Meiosis begins, and is arrested at the……….. until …….and ovulation begins

A

Primary oocyte stage

Puberty

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11
Q

Generation of the oocyte starts before

A

Birth in the female

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12
Q

Completion/ full maturation does not occur until

A

Fertilisation

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13
Q

In males, generation of spermatozoa starts during

A

Puberty

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14
Q

Primordial follicle stays like this until

A

Puberty

And becomes primary follicle

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15
Q

Several primary follicles start to develop, but only one will reach maturity. What is it called?

A

Privileged follicle

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16
Q

Primary oocyte is surrounded by

A

Granulosa cells

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17
Q

Granulosa cells are

A

Nutritive and supportive cells

Increase in number

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18
Q

What forms around the oocyte between the oocyte and granulosa cells and will remain associated with the oocyte until implantation?

A

Zona pellucida

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19
Q

What forms from stromal cells?

A

Theca

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20
Q

What receptors are found on Theca and granulosa cells?

A

LH receptors

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21
Q

What hormone enhances early follicle development?

A

FSH

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22
Q

Granulosa cells produce which hormones

A

Progesterone

Oestrogen

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23
Q

Amtrak cavity forms when?

A

In mature (Graafian) follicle

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24
Q

Oocyte completes meiosis 1. Get formation of a polar body and a secondary oocyte

When?

A

Mature (Graafian) follicle

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25
Q

In mature follicle, Granulosa cells undergo luteinisation after expulsion of oocyte to create ?

A

Corpus luteum

26
Q

After 14 days the corpus luteum degenerates to create?

A

Corpus albicans

27
Q

After how ,any days does the corpus luteum degenerates to form corpus albicano?

A

14 days

28
Q

FSH levels decrease as granulosa cells increase…….and …… production

A

Inhibin

Oestrogen

29
Q

Maintained oestrogen levels creates a LH surge resulting in ?

A

Follicular rupture= OVULATION

30
Q

Prior to ovulation GnRH

A

Increases in frequency

31
Q

What stimulates FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

32
Q

Hormone responsible for ovulation

A

LH

33
Q

Phases of uterine cycle

A

Proliferative fase- FOLLICULAR

Secretive phase- LUTEAL

34
Q

Name the phase in the uterine cycle:

●Oestrogen levels increase from maturing follicles to stimulate ovulation in the ovary

●Oestrogen levels promote development of the uterine lining:
●Glandular growth
●Endometrial repair, cell growth and division
●Stratification

A

Proliferative phase- FOLLICULAR

35
Q

Name the phase in the uterine cycle:

●Progesterone and Oestrogen control. Prevents FSH and LH release. (low Oestrogen levels, high P)
●Progesterone from maturing follicles, then the corpus luteum.
●Progesterone stimulates secretion of nutritive substance, maintenance of the lining

A

Secretive phase - LUTEAL

36
Q

Phases of cervical cycle

A

Periovulatory/ovulatory phase

Luteal phase

37
Q

Name the phase of the cervical cycle:

●Oestrogen increase changes mucus fibres to a more linear conformation to allow sperm to follow the fibres up.
●Consistency of mucus is more fluid and slippery

●Cervical crypt cells produce substances to change pH promote sperm survival
●Sperm can survive several days in cervix.

A

Periovulatory/ovulatory phase

38
Q

Name the phase of the cervical cycle:

●Progesterone thickens cervical mucous to create a cervical plug, trapping sperm

A

Luteal phase

39
Q

Unlike females, in males the whole process of meiosis occurs…… puberty starts

A

AFTER

40
Q

Nucleus of the spero carries how many chromosomes?

A

23

41
Q

Production of spero is called

A

Spermatogenesis

42
Q

Spermatogenesis can take

A

65-75 days

43
Q

Stages of spermatogenesis

A

●A-spermatogonium
●B-spermatogonium
●Primary spermatocyte (= spermatocyte order I)
●Secondary spermatocyte (= spermatocyte order II)
●Spermatid
●Sperm cell (= spermatozoon)

44
Q

Sperm degenerate if

A

They do not pass through the spermatogenesis stages in time

45
Q

Number of spermatogonic stem cells stimulated is controlled by the

A

Endocrine

46
Q

Fertile men have how many ACTUVE sperm

A

60-80 million sperm/ ml

47
Q

Fertile men produce how much ejaculate?

A

2.5 mls - 3.5 ml

48
Q

Higher volume of semen often correlates to low sperm number

True or false

A

True

49
Q

A man is infertile when he produces ?

A

< 20 million/ml of sperm

50
Q

What are the equivalent to female theca cells in males

A

Leydig cells

51
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone (95%) into the general circulation in males

A

Leydig cells

52
Q

Which cells produce beta-endorphins- inhibitory effect in settori cells in males

A

Leydig cells

53
Q

Which cells are equivalent to female granulosa cells ?

A

Sertoli cells

54
Q

Which cells are stimulated by FSH and testosterone in males

A

Sertoli cells

55
Q

Sertoli cells secrete

A

Inhibin

56
Q

Which hormone Inhibits GnRH and FSH to decrease sperm production?

A

Inhibin

57
Q

Which cells:

Increase FSH and LH levels detected by sertoli cells promote spermatogenesis

↑ FSH gives

A

Sertoli cells

58
Q

What causes

: proliferation of spermatagonia,
:secretion of metals, nutrients and vitamins from Sertoli cells to germ cells
: Oestradiol production from T to control levels

A

Increase FSH levels by sertoli cells

59
Q

Which hormone stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Starts at puberty.

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates

60
Q

Which hormone stimulates leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone

A

LH

61
Q

Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis and Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) release by sertoli cells, which takes Testosterone to seminiferous tubules for conversion to DHT and to maintain sperm production.

A

FSH

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