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psychology semester 2 > Development - Piaget > Flashcards

Development - Piaget Flashcards

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1
Q

define adaptation

A

the tendency to respond to the environment to meet one’s goals

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2
Q

define organisation

A

the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge

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3
Q

define assimilation

A

the process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand

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4
Q

define accommodation

A

the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

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5
Q

define equilibration

A

the process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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6
Q

define schema

A
  • organized knowledge used to guide action
  • infants are born with innate schemas
  • through assimilation and accommodation schemas develop in more complex knowledge about the world
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7
Q

what are the central properties of Piaget’s stage theory?

A
  • qualitative change
  • broad applicability across topics and contexts
  • brief transitions
  • invariant sequences
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8
Q

what did Piaget hypothesize about development?

A

he hypothesized that children progress through 4 stages of cognitive development, each building on the previous one

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9
Q

what are Piaget’s four stages of his development stage theory?

A
  • Sensorimotor Stage
  • Pre-Operational Stage
  • Concrete Operational Stage
  • Formal Operational Stage
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10
Q

what age does the sensorimotor stage occur at?

A

birth - 2 years

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11
Q

what age does the pre-operational stage occur at?

A

2 - 7 years

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12
Q

what age does the concrete operational stage occur at?

A

7 - 12 years

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13
Q

what age does the formal operational stage occur at?

A

12+ years

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14
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

infants know the world through their senses and through their actions

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15
Q

what is the pre-operational stage?

A

toddlers and young children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery
they also begin to see the world from other people’s perspectives and not just their own

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16
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

children become able to think logically, not just intuitively. they now can classify objects into coherent categories and understand that events are often influenced by multiple factors, not just one

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17
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

adolescents can think systematically and reason about what might be as well as what is
this allows them to understand politics, ethics, and science fiction, as well as to engage in scientific reasoning

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18
Q

what age does sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

birth - 1 month

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19
Q

what age does sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

1 - 4 months

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20
Q

what age does sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

4 - 8 months

21
Q

what age does sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

8 - 12 months

22
Q

describe sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage

A

infants begin to modify the reflexes with which they are born to make them more adaptive

23
Q

describe sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage

A

infants begin to organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors, most of which are centered to their own bodies

24
Q

describe sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage

A

infants becoming increasingly interested in the world around them
by the end of this sub-stage, object permanence, the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view, typically emerges

25
Q

describe sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage

A

during this sub-stage, children make the

A-Not-B error, the tendency to reach to where objects have been found before, rather than to where they were last hidden

26
Q

what age does sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

12 - 18 months

27
Q

what age does sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

A

18 - 24 months

28
Q

describe sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage

A

toddlers begin to actively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put

29
Q

describe sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage

A

infants become able to form enduring mental representations

the first sign of this capacity is deferred imitation

30
Q

define deferred imitation

A

the repetition of other people’s behaviour a substantial time after it has occurred

31
Q

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children not attempt to look for the hidden object?

A

4 months

32
Q

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children visually search for the hidden object?

A

4 - 9 months

33
Q

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children search for and retrieve hidden objects?

A

9 months

34
Q

define object permanence

A
  • find proper definition in text book

- “out of sight, out of mind”

35
Q

who created the A-not-B task and in what year?

A

Diamond

1985

36
Q

what is one evaluation of Piaget’s stages?

A

theorists claim that infants can exhibit ‘stages’ earlier than Piaget suggested

37
Q

define symbolic representation

A

the use of one object to stand for another, which makes variety of new behaviours possible

38
Q

define egocentrism

A

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view

39
Q

what is the tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature of an object or event?

A

centration

40
Q

what is the conservation concept?

A

the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties

41
Q

what is the arranging of objects in height order?

A

seriation

42
Q

what stage is the 3 mountains task used?

A

pre-operational stage

43
Q

which stage does cognitive development culminate in the ability to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically?

A

formal operational stage

44
Q

who were three main critics of Piaget’s work?

A
  • Lev Vygotsky
  • Donaldson (Hughes)
  • Michael Siegal
45
Q

define object permanence

A

the concept gained by infants that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

46
Q

define logical thinking

A

the process of working systematically through problems, developing hypotheses and testing them until a solution is found

47
Q

define classify

A

to group objects or events by features, they have in common

48
Q

define abstract thinking

A

thinking that does not rely on being able to see or handle concrete materials in order to be able to reason about them

psychology semester 2 (5 decks)

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