Development - Piaget Flashcards
define adaptation
the tendency to respond to the environment to meet one’s goals
define organisation
the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge
define assimilation
the process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand
define accommodation
the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences
define equilibration
the process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
define schema
- organized knowledge used to guide action
- infants are born with innate schemas
- through assimilation and accommodation schemas develop in more complex knowledge about the world
what are the central properties of Piaget’s stage theory?
- qualitative change
- broad applicability across topics and contexts
- brief transitions
- invariant sequences
what did Piaget hypothesize about development?
he hypothesized that children progress through 4 stages of cognitive development, each building on the previous one
what are Piaget’s four stages of his development stage theory?
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-Operational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
what age does the sensorimotor stage occur at?
birth - 2 years
what age does the pre-operational stage occur at?
2 - 7 years
what age does the concrete operational stage occur at?
7 - 12 years
what age does the formal operational stage occur at?
12+ years
what is the sensorimotor stage?
infants know the world through their senses and through their actions
what is the pre-operational stage?
toddlers and young children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery
they also begin to see the world from other people’s perspectives and not just their own
what is the concrete operational stage?
children become able to think logically, not just intuitively. they now can classify objects into coherent categories and understand that events are often influenced by multiple factors, not just one
what is the formal operational stage?
adolescents can think systematically and reason about what might be as well as what is
this allows them to understand politics, ethics, and science fiction, as well as to engage in scientific reasoning
what age does sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
birth - 1 month
what age does sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
1 - 4 months
what age does sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
4 - 8 months
what age does sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
8 - 12 months
describe sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage
infants begin to modify the reflexes with which they are born to make them more adaptive
describe sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage
infants begin to organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors, most of which are centered to their own bodies
describe sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage
infants becoming increasingly interested in the world around them
by the end of this sub-stage, object permanence, the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view, typically emerges
describe sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage
during this sub-stage, children make the
A-Not-B error, the tendency to reach to where objects have been found before, rather than to where they were last hidden
what age does sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
12 - 18 months
what age does sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage occur?
18 - 24 months
describe sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage
toddlers begin to actively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put
describe sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage
infants become able to form enduring mental representations
the first sign of this capacity is deferred imitation
define deferred imitation
the repetition of other people’s behaviour a substantial time after it has occurred
what age in the hidden toy experiment did children not attempt to look for the hidden object?
4 months
what age in the hidden toy experiment did children visually search for the hidden object?
4 - 9 months
what age in the hidden toy experiment did children search for and retrieve hidden objects?
9 months
define object permanence
- find proper definition in text book
- “out of sight, out of mind”
who created the A-not-B task and in what year?
Diamond
1985
what is one evaluation of Piaget’s stages?
theorists claim that infants can exhibit ‘stages’ earlier than Piaget suggested
define symbolic representation
the use of one object to stand for another, which makes variety of new behaviours possible
define egocentrism
the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view
what is the tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature of an object or event?
centration
what is the conservation concept?
the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties
what is the arranging of objects in height order?
seriation
what stage is the 3 mountains task used?
pre-operational stage
which stage does cognitive development culminate in the ability to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically?
formal operational stage
who were three main critics of Piaget’s work?
- Lev Vygotsky
- Donaldson (Hughes)
- Michael Siegal
define object permanence
the concept gained by infants that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
define logical thinking
the process of working systematically through problems, developing hypotheses and testing them until a solution is found
define classify
to group objects or events by features, they have in common
define abstract thinking
thinking that does not rely on being able to see or handle concrete materials in order to be able to reason about them
