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Developmental Anatomy > Development of Urinary/Repro Systems (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Development of Urinary/Repro Systems (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary and reproductive systems develop from _________.

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What are the exceptions to urinary and reproductive systems being derived from intermediate mesoderm? What are they derived from?

A

epithelium of urinary bladder + urethra
endoderm

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3
Q

The ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems same a common cavity called:

A

urogenital sinus

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4
Q

Intermediate mesoderm migrates ventrally and proliferates to form what?

A

nephrogenic cords

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5
Q

The cranial portion of nephrogenic cords are (segmented/unsegmented) and the caudal portion are (segmented/unsegmented).

A

segmented
unsegmented

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6
Q

The kidneys develop from what 3 pairs of systems?

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
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7
Q

Term for clusters of cells connected to pronephric duct in development of kidneys that is nonfunctional.

A

pronephros

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8
Q

Mesonephros consists of _______ tubules and mesonephric duct and is temporarily functional in some species.

A

excretory

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9
Q

Mesonephros is functional and becomes the adult kidney in ______ and ______.

A

fish
amphibians

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10
Q

Term for adult kidney of dual origin.

A

metanephros

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11
Q

______ arises as the mesonephric duct evaginates dorsally.

A

ureteric bud

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12
Q

What does the ureteric bud of the metanephros form?

A

collecting system

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13
Q

The (proximal/distal) end of the ureteric bud of the metanephros expands to form the renal pelvic, calyces, and collecting tubules while the (proximal/distal) part forms ureters.

A

distal
proximal

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14
Q

Process of collecting ducts continuing to branch

A

nephrogenesis

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15
Q

When does nephrogenesis stop?

A

at birth

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16
Q

(T/F) Kidney is regenerative.

A

False

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17
Q

Term that means the absence of one means the other cannot grow or differentiate.

A

reciprocal differentiation

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18
Q

The two _____ primordia promote reciprocal differentiation.

A

kidney

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19
Q

All reproductive structures in both sexes go through _________. What does this mean?

A

indifferent stages
means they resemble neither sex

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20
Q

(T/F) All primordia of the reproductive system are present in both sexes.

A

True

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21
Q

Gonads begin as longitudinal condensations of intermediate mesoderm called ________.

A

genital ridges

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22
Q

Cells of the developing reproductive system form ______ which are connected to surface epithelium and receive primordial germ cells.

A

primitive sex cords

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23
Q

What encodes the testis-determining factor?

A

SRY gene

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24
Q

The differential stage in formation of the gonads involves morphogenic changes of what 2 cell types?

A

cord cells
interstitial cells

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25
Q

Cord cells differentiate into ______ that cause regression of the ______ duct which inhibits formation of female gonads.

A

sertoli cells
paramesonephric

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26
Q

Cords with the spermatogonia form what structures?

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

Cord cells near the mesonephric tubules form what structure?

A

rete testis

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28
Q

Interstitial cells form _______ which produce what?

A

leydig cells
testosterone

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29
Q

Term for functional part of testis

A

medulla

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30
Q

When do seminiferous tubules become patent?

A

sexual maturity

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31
Q

What does testosterone induce during the differential stage of gonads?

A

sexual differentiation

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32
Q

______ expands and becomes the functional part of the ovary.

A

cortex

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33
Q

Sex cords in the developing ovary dissociate into clusters to form _______.

A

follicles

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34
Q

Which duct degenerates in the development of the ovary?

A

mesonephric

35
Q

(T/F) A great number of germ cells fail to become incorporated into follicles and degenerate in the developing ovary.

A

True

36
Q

Both ducts, _______ and _______, are present in the indifferent stage of the development of the genital system.

A

mesonephric
paramesonephric

37
Q

What determines which duct is retained (whether mesonephric or paramesonephric)?

A

testicular hormones

38
Q

Mesonephric duct is also known as ______ duct and regresses in the (male/female).

A

Wolffian
female

39
Q

Paramesonephric duct is also known as ______ duct and regresses in the (male/female).

A

mullerian
male

40
Q

The mesonephric tubules connected to the rete testis form ________.

A

efferent ductules

41
Q

The cranial part of the mesonephric duct forms _______ while the caudal part forms _______.

A

epididymis
ductus deferens

42
Q

Term for paired proliferations around cloacal membrane.

A

cloacal folds

43
Q

Cranially, the cloacal folds fuse to form _______. Caudally, they are subdivided into _____ and ____ folds.

A

genital tubercle
urethral
anal

44
Q

In the male, the genital tubercle elongates and forms ______.

A

phallus

45
Q

In the male, urethra folds fuse on midline and form _______.

A

penile urethra

46
Q

In the male, genital swellings fuse to form _______.

A

scrotal pouches

47
Q

In the male, genital raphe elongates which is the first external indication of what?

A

male embryo

48
Q

In the female, the genital tubercle becomes internalized and forms ______.

A

clitoris

49
Q

In the female, the urethral folds form ______.

A

labia

50
Q

The genital swellings in the female degenerate except what 2 species?

A

human
rabbit

51
Q

Renal agenesis can occur due to absence of ________ or its interaction with ________.

A

ureteric bud
metanephric blastema

52
Q

Renal ________ is due to abnormal development of metanephric blastema which leads to reduced kidney function.

A

dysplasia

53
Q

What is the initial sign of renal dysplasia?

A

osteodystrophy

54
Q

Anomaly due to lack of connection between nephrons and collecting ducts

A

polycystic kidney

55
Q

Polycystic kidney results in what?

A

kidney failure (destruction of renal tissue)

56
Q

Term for failure of one kidney to ascend

A

ectopic kidney

57
Q

Term for anomaly of fusion of caudal poles of kidney

A

horseshoe kidneys

58
Q

Term for anomaly due to malpositioned opening of ureter

A

ectopic ureter

59
Q

Ectopic ureters are a common cause of _______ in females.

A

urinary incontinence

60
Q

Anomaly due to incomplete occlusion of urachus and forms fistula

A

patent urachus

61
Q

______ most commonly form urachal fistulas.

A

foals

62
Q

Term for local area of patency of urachus

A

urachal cyst

63
Q

Term for distal patency of urachus

A

urachal sinus

64
Q

How do you manage patent urachus?

A

prophylactic

65
Q

Term for anomaly where male and female traits develop in the same individual

A

hermaphrodites

66
Q

A ______ hermaphrodite results from abnormal primary sex determination.

A

true

67
Q

A ______ hermaphrodite results when there are gonads of one sex and genitalia of the opposite sex.

A

pseudo

68
Q

Hermaphrodites most commonly develop in (males/females).

A

males

69
Q

Most common form of hormonally-altered sex differentiation

A

freemartin syndrome

70
Q

What does freemartin syndrome result in?

A

sterile intersex female born co-twin to normal male

71
Q

What is freemartin syndrome most common in?

A

cattle

72
Q

Freemartin syndrome is caused by anastomosing of _______ vessels which allows blood exchange between fetuses.

A

chorioallantoic

73
Q

2 hypotheses for freemartin syndrome

A
  1. hormonal
  2. cellular
74
Q

Term for failure of testicles to descend

A

cryptorchidism

75
Q

(Unilateral/bilateral) cryptorchidism is more common.

A

unilateral

76
Q

(Unilateral/bilateral) cryptorchidism leads to sterility with normal secondary sex characteristics.

A

bilateral

77
Q

Most anomalies of external genitalia are of _______ origin.

A

chromosomal

78
Q

Term for failure of urethral folds to fuse so urethra opens ventral to penis.

A

hypospadia

79
Q

Term for rare disease where urethra opens on dorsal surface of penis.

A

epispadia

80
Q

Primary sex determination is the determination of _______.

A

gonads

81
Q

What is a crucial factor in primary sex determination?

A

Y chromosome

82
Q

Secondary sex determination is determined by what?

A

gonadal hormones

83
Q

In the absence of gonads, _______ phenotype is generated regardless of XX or XY genotype.

A

female

Developmental Anatomy (4 decks)

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