Development of Cardiovascular System (Exam 2) Flashcards
(T/F) The cardiovascular system becomes functional in early development.
False - late development
Why is it not necessary for the cardiovascular system to be the first functinal system?
embryo gets nutrients from uterine fluid
(T/F) The yolk sac is where most of the nutrients are formed in mammals.
False - not many nutrients
The cardiovascular system beings are paired condensations of splanchnic mesoderm called ____________.
cardiogenic fields
Cells organize into cords and then form into paired _____________.
endocardial tubes
Inductive influences of _______ are essential for heart formation. What can occur without it?
endoderm
acardia
(T/F) Lungs are not functional until birth where they must immediately become functional.
True
As the body begins to fold, endocardial tubes partially fuse. Anything that prevents the merge results in what?
formation of 2 separate hearts (neither are functional)
What is an example of disorder that results in formation of two separate non-functional hearts?
cardia bifida
The endocardial tube of the developing cardiovascular system is temporarily connected by ________.
dorsal mesocardium
The developing heart differentiates into 4 parts: (cranial to caudal)
- bulbus cordis
- ventricle
- atrium
- sinus venosus
The endocardial tube folds on itself to form the _______.
cardiac loop
What 3 things determine the formation of the cardiac loop?
- elongation of tube
- degeneration of dorsal mesocardium
- anchorage of tube (both ends)
The cranial portion of the cardiac loop is oriented ________ and on the (right/left).
ventrocaudally
right
The caudal portion of the cardiac loop is oriented _______ and on the (right/left).
dorsocranially
left
The formation of cardiac chambers is accomplished by what 3 things?
- local expansions
- direction of blood flow
- formation of cardiac septa
The _______ between two chambers proliferates to form _________ which divides the AV canal into R + L canals.
endocardium
endocardial cushions
Internal architecture sculptured by selective ________ of (internal/external) walls.
excavations
internal
Externally the constriction between common atrium and ventricle is called _________.
coronary groove
A ridge from the roof of the atrium extending towards cushions is how the _________ forms.
septum primum
What leaves temporary communication between atria?
ostium primum
Before fusing with the cushions, the dorsal part of the heart degenerates to form _________.
ostium secundum
What is the role of temporary communications of the heart?
blood has to flow freely through all chambers to mold and differentiate properly (why openings not closed until birth)
The two parts of the __________ do not fuse.
septum secundum
The two parts of the septum secundum do not fuse so the 2 atria communicate via ________.
foramen ovale
Complete separation of the two atria occurs when? What does it become in the adult?
after birth
fossa ovalis
The separation of the common ventricle occurs by the formation of a myocardial ridge between ventricle and bulbus cordis extending toward cushions called ___________.
muscular septum
The complete separation of the ventricles occurs by formation of _________ from cushions.
membranous septum
The major dilated part of the bulbus cordis is incorporated into RV as the origin of _____________.
pulmonary trunk artery
In the adult, the bulbus cordis is called _________.
conus arteriosus
Term for narrow part of the bulbus cordis
conus cordis
The conus cordis is divided by paired __________ which fuse on midline.
conotruncal ridges
The _________ septum divides the conus cordis into two main channels. What are the 2 main channels?
aorticopulmonary septum
aortic
pulmonary
On the right, the sinus venosus persists as _________ and the left persists of the _________.
sinus venarum
coronary sinus
_______ cells lateral to the heart form its cranial and caudal connections.
angiogenic
Angiogenic cells in the ________ and ______ form extraembryonic vessels.
yolk sac
allantois
Term for diverticulum of primitive gut which forms umbilical vessels
allantois
(T/F) The circulatory systems in a given species look very similar.
True
(T/F) Vessels form alongside the heart.
False - independently and link up after
Term for formation of vascular plexuses
vasculogenesis
Hemangioblasts of splanchnic mesoderm form __________ which are the initial individual crystals that proliferate.
blood islands
Blood islands connect to form __________.
vascular plexuses
The extraembryonic plexuses of blood islands are in ________ while the intraembryonic plexuses are __________.
yolk sac
around forming organs
Cells of the extra & intraembryonic plexuses differentiate to form what 2 things?
blood cells
vascular endothelium
Term for sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular plexuses
angiogenesis
Several organs produce ______ for vessel formation.
angiogenesis factors
Differentiation between artery and vein depends on _____ and _____ of blood flow.
amount and direction
(pressure differences)
(T/F) If the peripheral nerve fails to form properly, the blood supply will also not form in that area.
True
If there is low pressure and less elasticity, the vessel will become ______. Constant, high pressure and elasticity will form _______.
veins
arteries
What are the 4 paired vessels of the embryonic arterial system?
aortic arches
dorsal aorta
vitelline A
umbilical A
Vitelline A is from the _______ while the umbilical A is from the ______.
yolk sac
allantois
The venous system of the embryo is made up of what 4 veins?
cranial cardinal V
caudal cardinal V
vitelline V
umbilical V
Vitelline veins convey blood from _____ to _____.
yolk sac
heart
Within the liver, vitelline veins form ________.
hepatic sinusoids
The cranial patent portions of vitelline veins form _______.
hepatic veins
The caudal patient portions of the vitelline veins form _________.
portal veins
Vitelline arteries distribute blood from ______ to _____.
dorsal aortae
yolk sac
In the adult, right vitelline arteries form what?
ventral, unpaired branches of aorta
What 3 arteries do the right vitelline arteries form in the adult?
- esophageal A
- cranial mesenteric A
- caudal mesenteric A
The umbilical veins convey (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood from the _______.
oxygenated
placenta
The right umbilical vein obliterates and persists as ____________. What happens to the left?
round ligament of liver
degenerates
The umbilical arteries return ____ blood to the _______.
fetal
placenta
If umbilical arteries remain patent, they will form _______.
cranial vesical Aa
If the umbilical arteries collapse they form ___________.
round ligament of bladder (paired)
What is the ventral mesentery called if it degenerates?
falciform ligament
____ pairs of aortic arches form in the vertebrate embryo but only which are retained?
6
3, 4, 6
The dorsal aortae fuse (cranially/caudally) to form the adult aorta and the ventral aortae fuse (cranially/caudally) near the heart.
caudally
cranially
The dorsal aortae are retained near the arches and extend to form ________ Aa.
internal carotid Aa
The ventral aortae extend to form _______ Aa.
external carotid
_______ Aa are formed between the 3rd and 4th aortic arch.
common carotid
The 3rd aortic arch is retained as connections between _______ and _______.
ventral aortae
internal carotid Aa
The left side of aortic arch 4 forms adult ______ while the right forms the ________.
aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
The proximal parts of aortic arch 6 form roots of ________. What happens to the distal parts?
pulmonary Aa
lost (degenerate)
The left side of aortic arch 6 becomes ________ and in the adult is the ________.
ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
