Development of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

nephrotome.

gives rise to the nephric structures of the embryo, portions of the suprarenal glands, gonads, and genital duct system

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2
Q

urogenital ridge

A

longitudinal elevation of mesoderm from transverse folding

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3
Q

divisions of urogenital ridge

A

nephrogenic cord–urinary system

gonadal ridge– genital system

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4
Q

three sets of nephric system that develop craniocaudally from nephrogenic cord

A

pronephroi–rudimentary and nonfunctional
mesonephroi– functions briefly during the early fetal period, excretory units and ducts
metanephroi–forms the permanent kidneys, most caudal

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5
Q

parts of the pronephric ducts used by next set of kidneys

A

mesonephric ducts, creates metonephric diverticulum (or uteric bud)

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6
Q

mesonephroi

A

excretory organs that appear late in 4th week, caudal to pronephroi. well developed, interim kidneys.

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7
Q

parts of the mesonphric kidneys

A

glomeruli and tubules

tubules open into bilateral mesonephric ducts (from pronephric ducts)

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8
Q

embryonic precursors to the efferent ductules of the testes

A

mesonphric tubules

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9
Q

functional adult derivatives of the mesonephric tubules

A

efferent ductules of testis
paradidymis

epoophoron
paroophoron

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10
Q

where do mesonphric ducts open into?

A

urogenital sinus (cloaca)

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11
Q

adult derivative of mesonephric ducts

A

appendix of epididymis/vesiculosa
duct of epididymis/epoophoron
ductus deferens/longitudinal duct; gartner duct
ureter, pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules of kidneys
ejaculatory duct and seminal gland

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12
Q

two parts of the metanephroi

A

excretory–metanephrogenic blastema (metanephric mass of mesenchyme), derived from caudal part of the nephrogenic cord
collecting–ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum), from mesonephric duct near its entrance into cloaca

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13
Q

reciprocal induction

A

branching of the urteric bud– dependent on induction by the metanephric mesenchyme
differentiation of the nephrons depends on induction by the collecting tubules.

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14
Q

derivatives of nephronic cord and mesonephric duct as two functional parts of kidneys

A

nephronic cord–excretory, metanephrongenic blastema

mesonephric duct–collecting, uretic bud

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15
Q

collecting portion of kidney (ureteric bud)

A
ureter
renal pelvis
major and minor calyces
collecting ducts
collecting tubules
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16
Q

excretory portion (nephron) (metanephric blastema)

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

the second branching of ureteric bud and it’s stalk

A

stalk of ureteric bud= ureter

5-8=minor calices
second set of branching make minor calices coalesce via intussusception

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18
Q

development of the excretory portion of kidney

A

caudal part of the nephrogenic cord–>metanephrogenic blastema–>(meta)nephric vesicles elongate to (meta)nephric tubules which develop into the nephron (proximal/distal convoluted tubules, bowman’s capsule, loop of henle) due to invagination of proximal ends of glomeri

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19
Q

what constitutes a nephron

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules, nephron loop (henle loop), glomerulus and capsule

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20
Q

when is the upper limit of glomeruli reached?

A

32nd week, nephron formation is complete at term. 2 million nephrons.
week nine, glomerular filtration begins

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21
Q

which convoluted tubule contains arched collecting tubule

A

distal convoluted

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22
Q

urine productivity

A

10-11th week begins
late pregnancy–500ml of urine added daily
700-1000ml by week 37

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23
Q

positional changes of kindeys

A

metanephric structures in pelvis, ventral to sacrum
ascent
medial rotation
retroperitoneal positioning

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24
Q

relocation of the kidneys to the abdomen and movement farther apart

A

disproportionate growth of the embryo’s body caudal to the kidney. this makes them contact suprarenal gland. normal adult position by 9th week.

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25
Q

during kidney ascension, they also

A

medially rotate 90 degrees, ventral location of hilum is changed to anteromedially

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26
Q

changes in blood supply to the kidneys

A
renal arteries (common illiac branches) from descending abdominal aorta
distal end of aorta
new branches from the aorta and the caudal branches of renal vessels disappear=permanent renal arteries
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27
Q

permanent renal arteries

A

branches from the abdominal aorta, right renal is longer and often more superior

28
Q

renal agenesis

A

ureteric buds do not develop or the primordia (stalks of buds) of the ureters degenerate.
if the buds do not penetrate metanephrogenic blastema, the nephrons are not induced by collecting tubules to develop from metanephrogenic blastema.

29
Q

clinical associations with renal agenesis

A

unilateral–males, left kidney. usually unnoticed. suspected with kids in single umbilical artery
bilateral–oligohydromnios, incompatible with life. pulmonary hypoplasia.
potter sequence–bilateral renal angenesis.

30
Q

malrotated kidneys

A

hilum is anterior, fetal retains embryonic position.
hilum is posterior, too far rotation.
hilum is lateral, lateral rotation instead of medial.
associated with: ectopic kidneys

31
Q

ectopic kidneys

A

malrotation
usually located in pelvis (some inferior abdomen)
internal or external iliac arteries or abdominal aorta remain blood supply.
pelvic kidneys– kidneys fail to ascend

32
Q

pancake kidneys (discoid)

A

pelvic kidneys (failure to ascend) are too close together. remain in pelvic region

33
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

inferior poles of two metanephroi fuse, crossing over ventral aorta
pubic region (anterior to inferior lumbar vertebra)
caught under inferior mesenteric artery during ascent
normal collecting systems, ureters in bladder– no symptoms

34
Q

congenital polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal recessive or dominant
ARKPD- at birth or in utero, both kidneys contain many small cysts, early life renal failure. death shortly after birth
ADKPD– more common, cysts in all regions of nephrons, less severe than recessive. associated with cysts in kidneys, ductal epithelia in the liver, pancreas, testis, and ovary

35
Q

duplicated ureter

A

abnormal divisions of ureteric bud.
premature bifurcation before it enters the substance of the metanephric blastema
often, but not always asymptomatic.
predisposition to infections

36
Q

ectopic ureter

A

does not enter urinary bladder (not incorporated into trigone), drains somewhere else
males-neck of bladder, prostatic part of urethra, ductus deferens, prostatic utricle, seminal gland
females-neck of bladder, urethra, vagina, or vestibule of vagina

37
Q

common complaint of ectopic ureter

A

incontinence, urine flowing does not enter bladder. continual dribble. UTI

38
Q

3 parts of urogenital sinus

A

vesical part
pelvic part
phallic part

39
Q

vesical part of urogenital sinus

A

most of the bladder and continuous with allantois

40
Q

pelvic part of urogenital sinus

A

urtethra in the neck of the bladder, prostatic part of the urethra in males, and entire urethra in females

41
Q

phallic part

A

grows toward the genital tubercle (primordium of the penis or clitoris)

42
Q

what develops from the vesical part of the urogenital sinus

A

bladder

43
Q

trigone of the bladder

A

triangular area base of the bladder between the openings of the ureters, derived from the caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts

44
Q

distal parts of mesonphric ducts

A

incorporated into dorsal wall of bladder as it englarges, contribute to the formation of the CT of the trigone.

45
Q

movement of orifices of ureters due to traction exterted by kidneys as they extend

A

superolaterally and enter obliquely through base of bladder

46
Q

males vs females, orifices of mesonephric ducts

A

males move closer together and enter prostatic part of urethras as the caudal parts develop into ejaculatory ducts
females- distal ends degenerate

47
Q

epithelium of bladder is derived from

A

endoderm of the vesical part of the urogential sinus

48
Q

other layers of bladder

A

adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme

49
Q

urachus

A

thick fibrous cord that is a result of the allantois constricting. extends apex of the bladder to umbilicis. initially bladder is continuous with allantois.
the median umbilical ligament

50
Q

the urinary system consists of

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

by weeks 8-12.

51
Q

allantois and blood vessels

A

sausage-like diverticulum from caudal wall of umbilical vesicle extending into connecting stalk. these blood vessels become umbilical vessels

52
Q

urachus

A

proximal part of the allantoic diverticulum, from bladder to umbilical region. become median umbilical ligament, from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus

53
Q

urachal fistula

A

urine drains from its umbilical orifice and increases risk of UTI, proximal

54
Q

umbilical urachal sinus

A

abcesses, proximal. urine leak through umbilical opening

55
Q

vesicourachal diverticulum

A

increases risk for UTI,

56
Q

urachal cyst

A

not usually detected except during postmortem, unless infected. life threatening if ruptures in peritoneal cavity

57
Q

extrophy of bladder

A

males. exposure and protrusion of the muscosal surface of the posterior wall of the bladder. trigone of bladder and ureteric orifices are exposed. everted bladder.
epispadias (urethra opens on dorsum of penis), wide separation of pubic bones
** deficiency of anterior abdominal wall, incomplete median closure of the inferior part of the wall. abdominal wall and anterior wall of urinary bladder.

58
Q

most of male urethra, entire female

A

derived from endoderm of the urogenital sinus

59
Q

distal part of male urethra and epithelium of the terminal part of the urethra

A

in glans of penis, derived from solid cord of ectodermal cells, that grow inward from tip of glans.
terminal– surface ectoderm

60
Q

connective tissue and smooth muscles around both urethra

A

splanchnic mesoderm

61
Q

two areas of suprarenal glands

A

cortex–mesenchyme on each side of embryo between the root of dorsal mesentary and the developing gonad
medulla–adjacent sympathetic ganglion, neural crest cells

62
Q

at birth, which part of suprarenal gland is larger

A

extensive cortex, produces steroid precursors that are used by placenta for estrogen synthesis
smaller medulla
rapidly becomes smaller as the fetal cortex regressed during first year of infancy

63
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

autosomal recessive disorders that result in virilization of female fetuses.
genetic deficiency of suprarenal cortical enzymes (cortex)
increased release of adrenocorticotropin from anterior pituitary gland

64
Q

increased release of adrenocoritcotropin

A

abnormal increase in cells of the suprarenal cortex and excessive androgen production
masculinization of external genitalia

65
Q

Wilms Tumor

A

Mesodermal tumor, metanephric tissue has failed to differentiate into normal kidney tissue.
rapid growth, early metastasis. high survival rates
Asymptomatic abdominal mass
Malaise, anemia, weight loss
Occlusion of left renal vein

66
Q

Hypospadias/Epispadias

A

hypospadia–urthral opening on ventral side of the penis

epispadia–urtethral opening on dorsal side of penis