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Human Anatomy II -- Unit 3 -- Zach H. > Development of the Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

Development of the Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

1
Q

Does the lips and midface or palate start to develop first in utero?

A

Lips and Midface

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2
Q

At four weeks of development, what does the human embryo head and neck resemble?

A

Gill region of a fish.

Originally called the branchial (meaning gill) region, now called the pharyngeal region in that it surrounds the foregut where the structures that develop into the upper respiratory and proximal digestive systems are located.

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3
Q

The pharyngeal complex has three principle components. What are they?

A

> Pharyngeal Arch (skeletal, muscular, nerve, and artery components).

> Pharyngeal Clefts (external).

> Pharyngeal Pouches (internal).

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4
Q

What are the pharyngeal complexes crucial for the normal development of?

A

Neck and Face

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5
Q

From what type of cells does the bone and cartilage in each pharyngeal arch develop from?

A

neural-crest cells

Neural-crest derived mesenchyme from the first and second arches migrates into the developing face.

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6
Q

What do the muscles in each pharyngeal arch develop from?

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

What is the involvement of neural crest cells in craniofacial development?

A

> Neural crest cells form the facial skeleton.

> Coronal and sagittal sutures may contain neural crest cells.

> Anterior portion of the sphenoid and the frontal bones have now been confirmed to derive from neural crest cells.

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8
Q

From what does the posterior portions of the neurocranium and basicranium form?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What are the skeletal elements of arch 1?

A

> Migrating neural crest in the 1 arch induce formation of cartilaginous rod (Meckel’s carilage).

> More posterior portion differentiates and becomes ossified into malleus and incus.

> More anterior portion of Meckel’s carilage serves a scaffolding for intramembranous bone formatoin of the mandible.

> Between the two middle ear bones and the mandible, the sphenomandibular ligament forms, connecting the 1 arch skeletal elements.

> In addition, maxilla, zygoma, and part of the temporal bone form in maxillary portion of 1 arch.

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10
Q

What does the more posterior portion of Meckel’s cartilage differentiate into and become?

A

ossified into malleus and incus

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11
Q

What does the more anterior portion of Meckel’s cartilage serve as and form?

A

Serves as scaffolding for intramembranous bone formation of the mandible.

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12
Q

What forms in between the two middle ear bones and the mandible?

A

Sphenomandibular ligament forms, connecting the 1 arch skeletal elements.

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13
Q

What forms in the maxillary portion of 1 arch?

A

Maxilla, zygoma,, and part of the temporal bone from in the maxillary portion of 1 arch.

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14
Q

The developing face is represented by the frontonasal region and the maxillary/mandibular prominences. What are these structures derived from?

A

Derived from the 1st pharyngeal (branchial) arch.

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15
Q

True or False:

Although not generally included discussions of arch derivatives, we now know that the frontonasal region does come from the first arch.

A

True

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16
Q

What sensory ganglion supplies tissues derived from the first arch?

A

Trigeminal Ganglion

dorsal to the first arech is an elevation formed by the underlying trigeminal ganglion

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17
Q

Which pharyngeal arch forms the maxillary and mandibular prominence?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

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18
Q

At 24 days of development the stomodeum can be seen between the frontonasal prominence and the mandibular prominence. What does the stomodeum become?

A

Mouth

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19
Q

At the 5th week of development, can you see where the ala and midline of the face will be?

A

Yes

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20
Q

The union of which prominence’s from the 1st pharyngeal arch is required for normal development of the upper lip?

A

> nasomedial prominence
nasolateral prominence
maxillary prominence

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21
Q

What is the name of the segment where the two nasomedial prominence fuse together during development?

A

Intermaxillary Segment (premaxillae)

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22
Q

The fusion of what forms the nasolacrimal duct?

A

basolateral and maxillary prominence

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23
Q

The fusion of what forms the parotid duct?

A

maxillary prominence and mandibular prominence

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24
Q

True or False:

Muscles of the arches are neural-crest cell derived.

A

False - muscles of the arches are mesodermally-derived.

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25
Q

From which pharyngeal arch is muscles of mastication formed?

A

Arch 1

  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • mylohyoid
  • ant. belly of digastric
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26
Q

From which pharyngeal arch are muscles of facial expression formed?

A

Arch 2

  • buccinator
  • orbicularis oris
  • post. belly of digastric
  • platysma
  • frontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • occipitalis
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27
Q

From which pharyngeal arch is the stylopharyngeus muscle (lifts pharynx as you swallow) formed?

A

Arch 3

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28
Q

From which pharyngeal arch is the levator veli palaini, pharyngeal muscles, and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx formed from?

A

Arch 4 and 6

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29
Q

What is unique about the digastric muscle in terms of which pharyngeal arch it is formed from?

A

Arch 1 - forms ant. belly of digastric m.

Arch 2 - forms post. belly of digastric m.

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30
Q

What are the motor nerve components of pharyngeal arch 1?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V - mandibular divisions V3)

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31
Q

What are the motor nerve components of pharyngeal arch 2?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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32
Q

What are the motor nerve components of pharyngeal arch 3?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

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33
Q

What are the motor nerve components of pharyngeal arch 4 and 6?

A

> Vagus Nerve (CN X)

  • external laryngeal n.
  • recurrent laryngeal n.
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34
Q

What is cheilogenesis (week 5)?

A

formation of nose

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35
Q

In the formation of the face, what structures are formed from the frontonasal prominence?

A
  • forehead
  • bridge of nose
  • medial and lateral nasal prominence’s
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36
Q

In the formation of the face, what structures are formed from the maxillary prominence?

A
  • cheeks

- lateral portion of upper lip

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37
Q

In the formation of the face, what structures are formed from the medial nasal prominence?

A
  • philtrum of upper lip

- crest and tip of nose

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38
Q

In the formation of the face, what structures are formed from the lateral nasal prominence?

A
  • alae of nose
39
Q

In the formation of the face, what structures are formed from the mandibular prominence?

A
  • lower lip
40
Q

During what weeks of development does palatogenesis occur?

A

weeks 5-12

41
Q

Which signaling molecule controls dropping of the tongue so that the palatal shelves can correctly fuse, separating the oral and nasal cavities?

A

Tbx22

42
Q

What does BMPs (bone morphogenic proteins) do as a signaling molecule?

A

> Superficial location-palatal shelves.

> Expressed early.

43
Q

What does Shh (sonic hedgehog) do as a signaling molecule?

A

> Early induction of facial primordia.
Medial Edge Epithelia - palatal shelves.
This is different - instead of keeping layers apart, now epithelia must fuse.

44
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

“Tongue-tied” - most cases are sporadic, mutations in the T box transcription factor TBX22 may lead to heritable (X-linked) ankyloglossia with or without CL, CP.

45
Q

What is a oro-facial cleft?

A

Separation or opening in a structure of the face - all skeletal elements derived from arch 1.

> Cleft lip and Cleft palate (hard, soft).
Isolated (CL or CP) or combined (CL/P).
Unilateral or bilateral
Etiology - not completely understood.
Genetic - either principle birth defect (non-syndromic) or symptom of hundreds of different syndromes (syndromic).

46
Q

What causes a median cleft lip (the true “hare lip”)?

A

The incomplete merging of the two medial nasal prominences, therefore leading in most cases (with deep midline grooving of the nose) to various forms of bifid nose.

47
Q

What does a complete cleft palate, unilateral, involve?

A

Cleft of the palate and the aveolus.

  • *open communication between oral and nasal cavities
  • *bone grafts are required
  • *orthodontic treatment is required
48
Q

What does a complete cleft palate, bilateral, involve?

A

> A complete bilateral cleft palate leaves the premaxilla unattached, allowing it to grow forwards.

> Premaxilla is unattached and carries the upper four central teeth.

> A double bone graft at the time the permanent teeth are erupting is required for this type of cleft.

49
Q

What are lateral facial clefts?

A

> macrostomia
hypoplasia or incomplete fusion of maxillary and mandibular prominences
large mouth (uni or bilaterally)

50
Q

Look over slide 38.

A

Frontonasal dysplasia - no words are in the lecture presentation.

51
Q

What are the two classical arch 1 abnormalities?

A
  • Treacher-Collins Syndrome

- Pierre Robin Syndrome

52
Q

What are the characteristics of Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

> Mandibulo-facial dysostosis
Underdevelopment of structures associated with Arch1
Downward-slanting eyes, small mandible and malformed/absent ears.
Autosomal dominant, gene on Ch. 5
The protein appears to assist in protein sorting during development
prenatal testing

53
Q

What is Pierre Robin syndrome?

A

Micro-/Retrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction.

54
Q

The skeletal elements of the 2nd arch initially appear as a bar of cartilage (Reichert’s). What does the posterior portion differentiate into?

A
  • Stapes

- Styloid process of temporal bone

55
Q

The skeletal elements of the 2nd arch initially appear as a bar of cartilage (Reichert’s). What does the anterior portion differentiate into?

A
  • lesser horns (cornu

- superior portion of hyoid bone

56
Q

What is formed between the lesser horns and the superior portion of the hyoid bone?

A

stylohyoid ligament

57
Q

From what pharyngeal arch is the greater cornu and lower portion of the hyoid bone formed from?

A

Arch 3

58
Q

What cartilages are formed from the 4 and 6 pharyngeal arches?

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
59
Q

Is the epiglottis formed from the 4 and 6 pharyngeal arches?

A

No - comes from the laryngeotracheal diverticulum.

60
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 1?

A

contribute to maxillary arteries

61
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 2?

A

produce stapedial and hyoid arteries

62
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 3?

A

common carotid arteries and proximal portion of the internal carotid arteries

63
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 4?

A

On the left side, it persists, connecting the ventral aorta to the dorsal aorta, forming the aortic arch.

On the right side, it forms the proximal portion of the right subclavian artery.

64
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 5?

A

rudimentary and do not develop into any known vessels

65
Q

What arterial vessels are derived from aortic arch 6?

A

The proximal portions develop into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

The distal portion of the left aortic arch artery develop into the ductus arteriosus.

66
Q

Know slides 51 and 52 very well for the exam.

A

Nice figures to show development from each arch.

67
Q

What is the adult derivative from the 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

external auditory meatus and canal

68
Q

What is the adult derivative from the 2nd-4th pharyngeal cleft?

A

> Normally - no derivatives
Abnormally - persistent cervical sinus

remnants of pharyngeal clefts 2-4 can appear in the form of cervical cysts or fistulas found along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

69
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 1 become?

A

Auditory tube (pharyngotympanic or eustachian) and the endoderm of the 1st pouch forms the lining of the middle ear (tympanic cavity).

Between the first pouch and cleft is the tympanic membrane.

70
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch 2 become?

A

Becomes the site of the tonsillar fossa in the adult.

Underneath the endoderm of the 2nd pouch develops pit-like depressions (tonsillar crypts) mesoderm differentiates into lymphoid tissue that is called the palatine tonsils.

71
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch 3 become?

A

Dorsally - the posterior endodermal region develops into bilateral inferior parathyroid glands, which migrate toward the posterior aspect of the inferior pole of the thyroid gland.

Ventrally - the anterior endodermal region differentiates bilaterally into thymus gland tissue. Each part migrates inferiorly and fuses with its counterpart in the midline, and the united gland migrates inferiorly to the superior mediastinum of the thorax.

72
Q

What two processes occur in the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

Posterior endoderm develops into bilateral superior parathyroid glands that migrate to the posterior aspect of the superior pole of the thyroid gland.

Anterior endoderm develops an ultimobranchial body that migrates to the thyroid gland and becomes part of the gland. Cells from the ultimobranchial body differentiate into parafollicular cells (C cells) that produce calcitonin.

73
Q

What does the pharyngeal pouch 5 become?

A

Endoderm contributes to the formation of the ultimobranchial body, formed from the 4th pharyngeal pouch.

74
Q

What is DiGeorge syndrome?

A

DGS is one of a group of phenotypically similar disorders that share a common microdeletion, known as the DGS critical region, on chromosome 22 at band 22q11.2 (22q11.2DS).

Characterized by hypoparathyroidism which results in hypocalcemia.

Hypoplastic thymus or absent thymus, which results in problems in the immune system.

Conotruncal heart defects (e.g., tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defects, vascular rings)

Cleft lip and/or palate.

75
Q

What is the adult derivative of the 1st pharngeal pouch?

A
  • auditory tube
  • middle ear (tympanic cavity)
  • part of the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
76
Q

What is the adult derivative of the 2 pharyngeal pouch?

A

tonsillar crypts

77
Q

What is the adult derivative of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

A
  • inferior parathyroid glands

- thymus gland

78
Q

What is the adult derivative of the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A
  • superior parathyroid glands

- ultimobranchial body

79
Q

What is adult derivative of the 5th pharyngeal pouch?

A

ultimobranchial body

80
Q

What which pharyngeal arches does the tongue develop?

A

1, 2, and 3 - and from a migration of muscles from the occipital somites.

81
Q

What is the anterior part of the tongue developed from?

A

Arises from the 1st arch from three masses:

  • two lateral lingual swellings
  • tuberculum impar

lateral lingual swellings rapidly enlarge, merge with each other, and overgrow the tuberculum impar to form the oral part of the tongue

82
Q

Which pharyngeal arch does the base of the tongue mainly develop from?

A

3rd arch

later the tissue from arches 3 and 4 overgrows the 2nd pharyngeal arch, to become continuous with the body of the tongue

83
Q

What is the name of the V-shaped groove that is the site of union between the base and the body of the tongue?

A

sulcus terminalis

84
Q

True or False:

Muscles of the tongue develop from the mesoderm of the occipital myotomes that migrate into the developing tongue. Branches of the hypoglassal nerve (CN XII) follow the migrating occipital myoblasts and thus innervate the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A

True

85
Q

In the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, which nerve provides innervation to the taste buds?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

  • *chorda tympani
  • *from arch 2
86
Q

In the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, which nerves provide sensory innervation?

A

Lingual nerve - branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

**from arch 1

87
Q

What is the origin of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

hypopharyngeal eminence

88
Q

In the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, which nerves provide innervation to the taste buds?

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X) near base of tongue

**from arch 3 and 4

89
Q

In the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, which nerve provides sensory innervation?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

**from arch 3

90
Q

True or False:

The thyroid gland is formed from pharyngeal pouches.

A

False - NOT derived from any of the pharyngeal pouches.

91
Q

What does the thyroid gland arise from?

A

From midline thyroid diverticulum that forms from the endoderm in the floor of the pharynx just caudal to the 1st pharyngeal arch; these endoderm cells differentiate into the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

92
Q

Formation of the Thyroid Gland

A

> Arises from midline thyroid diverticulum.

> With differential growth of the embryo, the diverticulum elongates, but remains connected to the forming tongue by a thyroglossal duct that later is obliterated; the site of the opening of the thyroglossal duct is the foramen cecum found in the midline at the terminal sulcus of the tongue.

> The endodermal mass of cells invaginates into the underlying mesoderm, creating the thyroid diverticulum that is positioned between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of developing tongue.

> The thyroid diverticulum grows inferiorly, often between the skeletal elements of the second and third pharyngeal arches.

> It then migrates to a position anterior to the upper portion of the developing trachea.

93
Q

What can anomalies in thyroid development result in?

A

Ectopic thyroid tissue and/or cysts present along the course of the thyroglossal duct, which is a midline structure.

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 3 -- Zach H. (5 decks)

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