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VETAN QUIZ > DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Muscle Cell (Myocyte)

A

Skeletal or striated or voluntary myocyte
Smooth or visceral or involuntary myocyte
Cardiac myocyte

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2
Q

comprises 40 – 45 % of the total body weight.
➢ Long and cylindrical w/ many nuclei located at the periphery of the cell

A

Skeletal or striated or voluntary myocyte

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3
Q

is found in the walls of tubular and visceral
organs.
➢ Spindle-shaped w/ one nucleus located in the middle of the cell

A

Smooth or visceral or involuntary myocyte

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4
Q

comprises the myocardium of the heart.
➢ Branched w/ many nuclei located in the middle of the cell.

A

Cardiac myocyte

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5
Q

Mesodermal cells of myotome of each somite/somitomere separate from dermatome and
sclerotome, and elongate to spindle-shaped that synthesize myosin and actin and
appear striated. Several myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes

A

myoblasts

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6
Q

The myotubes, with
nuclei that migrate peripherally, present cross striations, and are now called .

A

skeletal myocytes

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7
Q

After birth, the myocytes interact with motor nerves and differentiate into .

A

fast-twitch, slow-twitch
or intermediate myocytes

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8
Q

Muscle development requires

A

innervations

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9
Q

Also, muscles and tendons must be stretched by growing bone) in order to grow proper lengths

A

under
tension(

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10
Q

Each anatomic muscle is
practically allocated a special number of myoblasts that is determined by the time of birth.
Thereafter, muscle cell growth is due solely to

A

cellular hypertrophy.

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11
Q

Epimere becomes

A

epaxial muscles

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12
Q

the hypomere becomes the

A

hypaxial muscles

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13
Q

by delamination forms mesenchymal cells that elongate to
form myoblasts.

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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14
Q

for smooth muscles of blood vessels

A

Somatic mesoderm

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15
Q

for smooth muscles of the iris.

A

Ectoderm (neural ectoderm of optic cup)

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16
Q

that surrounds the epithelium of a structure or organ for other
smooth muscles.

A

mesenchyme

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17
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are joined together by intercellular
connections called

A

intercalated discs.

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18
Q

Types of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Loose connective tissue - mesenchymal, mucoid, areolar adipose tissue, etc.
  2. Dense connective tissue - tendons, ligaments.
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone
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19
Q

Mesenchymal cells from mesoderm (somite) or in case of head, from ectoderm (neural
crest) become stellate or spindle-shaped and are now termed .

A

fibroblasts

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20
Q

There are two types of fibers secreted by fibroblasts:

A

collagenous and elastic.

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21
Q

Blood vessels and osteogenic cells invade the calcified cartilage and form the

A

periosteal
bud

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22
Q

The bone trabeculae interconnect to form .

A

cancellous bone

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23
Q

is made possible through the epiphyseal plate, a plate of
cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis where the cartilage is continuously
formed and replaced during the growing years of the animal

A

Growth in length of long bone

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24
Q

occurs by deposition of additional layers of bone
substance on the bone surface by osteoblasts in the periosteum of diaphysis and
destruction of bone and cartilage by osteoclasts and chondroclasts, respectively, in
the central portion of diaphysis to create a marrow canal or marrow cavity.

A

Growth in diameter of long bone

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25
Q

Addition of layers of bone matrix reduces the intertrabecular spaces and the cancellous
bone in the diaphysis is converted into a

A

compact bone

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26
Q

Osteocytes present cytoplasmic processes that radiate into the matrix through tiny bone
channels called

A

canaliculi

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27
Q

The intertrabecular spaces are occupied by blood-forming cells
(red bone marrow) and are also called

A

marrow spaces

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28
Q

Common Malformations of the Vertebra
Alignment Defects

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Torticolis or wry neck
Spina bifida
Rachischisis
Spina bifida occulta

29
Q
  • lateral deviation of vertebral column
A

Scoliosis

30
Q
  • sagittal deviation of vertebral column in a fixed position
A

Kyphosis

31
Q
  • sagittal deviation of vertebral column in a fixed extended position
A

Lordosis

32
Q
  • abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebral column
A

Torticolis or wry neck

33
Q
  • absence of vertebral arch (failure of vertebral arch to form dorsally
    over the vertebral foramen).
A

Spina bifida

34
Q

– spina bifida of several adjacent vertebrae

A

Rachischisis

35
Q
  • spina bifida covered by skin and subcutis
A

Spina bifida occulta

36
Q
  • does not ossify
A

Nasal capsule

37
Q
  • ethmoid and bone around the pituitary gland
A

Prechordal cartilage

38
Q
  • base of occipital bone
A

Parachordal cartilage

39
Q
  • temporal bone
A

Otic capsule

40
Q

develops from outward growth of ectomesenchymal tissue located rostral to the
cranium and pharynx.

A

Face

41
Q

Malformations of the Face

A

Cheiloschisis
Palatoschisis
Branchial cyst (
Heterotropic polyodontia -

42
Q
  • cleft lip caused by failure of fusion of medial nasal and maxillary
    processes.
A

Cheiloschisis

43
Q
  • cleft palate caused by failure of medial palatine processes to fuse
A

Palatoschisis

44
Q

(no opening)

A

Branchial cyst

45
Q

(opening to exterior)

A

branchial sinus

46
Q

(openings to interior and exterior).

A

branchial fistula

47
Q
  • (dentigerous cyst, ‘ear teeth’). Primordia of enamel organs
    escape to the exterior and develop tooth structures anchored on the parietal bone or
    base of the ear.
A

Heterotropic polyodontia

48
Q

Types of Limb Malformations

A

Limb Reduction
Limb Duplication
Limb and Joint Deformities

49
Q

Type of Limb Reduction

A

Achondroplasia (dwarfism; Dachshund)
Amelia
Meroromelia
Acromelia
Hemimelia
Micromelia
Phocomelia
Syndactyly
Brachydactyly
Ectrodactyly

50
Q

inherited; systemic premature
ossification of physes of extremeties

A

Achondroplasia (dwarfism; Dachshund) -

51
Q
  • complete absence of a limb.
A

Amelia

52
Q
  • absence of a part of a limb.
A

Meroromelia

53
Q

– complete absence of limb.

A

Acromelia

54
Q

– absence of half or one or more segments of a limb

A

Hemimelia

55
Q
  • reduced size of a limb.
A

Micromelia

56
Q
  • absence of one or more proximal segments, a consequence of
    pregnant women taking thalidomide in the late 1950’s
A

Phocomelia

57
Q
  • fused digits.
A

Syndactyly

58
Q
  • shortened or stumpy digits
A

Brachydactyly

59
Q
  • absence of one or more digits
A

Ectrodactyly

60
Q

Type of Limb Duplication

A

Polydactyly
Bimelia
Notomelia (noto=back

61
Q
  • presence of one or more extra digits. This is common in pig and cat
A

Limb Duplication

62
Q
  • one or more extra digits
A

Polydactyly

63
Q
  • partial or complete duplication of one limb
A

Bimelia

64
Q
  • limb growing from the back of the animal.
A

Notomelia (noto=back)

65
Q

Type of Limb and Joint Deformities

A

Arthrogryposis
Hip Dysplasia
Ankylosis

66
Q
  • crooked limb. Gr. gryposis=crooked) - can results from
    malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired
    mobility in utero.
A

Arthrogryposis

67
Q
  • abnormal maturation of the hip joint that results in formation
    of a shadow acetabulum and flattened femoral head.
A

Hip Dysplasia

68
Q
  • permanent fixation of a joint caused by immobility of the fetus in
    utero.
A

Ankylosis

VETAN QUIZ (9 decks)

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