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unit 3 > development of the heart > Flashcards

development of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of heart formation

A

heart tube formation, heart looping, and chamber formation

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2
Q

why does the heart loop?

A

developing structures are outgrowing the space because the fibrous pericardium does not stretch

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3
Q

foundational circulation development

A
  1. vasogenesis and angiogenesis form blood vessels in extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
  2. cells aggregate in cardiogenic areas to form R and L heart tubes
  3. R and L heart tubes squish to become a single heart tube during embryonic folding
  4. heart tube connects with blood vessels to form primordial cardiovascular system
  5. blood circulates
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4
Q

what does the endoderm secrete

A

VEGF, induces mesoderm to differentiate into endocardium

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5
Q

splanchnic mesoderm forms

A

cardiogenic area

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6
Q

after endoderm is formed from splanchnic mesoderm

A

cardiac jelly is secreted to form myocardium, then more splanchnic mesoderm migrates to form pericardium

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7
Q

neural crest cells

A

migrate in, many go to regions forming outflow tracts and cardiac valves

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8
Q

outflow tracts

A

pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

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9
Q

5 parts of the heart tube

A

sinus venosus (main inflow)
atrium
ventricle
bulbus cordis
truncus arteriosus (main outflow)

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10
Q

embryonic circulation consists of

A

3 major sets of veins, 5 major sets of arteries

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11
Q

venous system

A

right side dominant

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12
Q

arterial system

A

left side dominant

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13
Q

why is medium oxygenated blood fine in an embryo?

A

they are not exercising, walking, doing chores, etc

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14
Q

3 major embryonic veins

A

cardinal, vitelline, and umbilical

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15
Q

embryonic veins drain blood where

A

into sinus venosus

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16
Q

cardinal veins

A

drain the embryonic body; there are anterior and posterior cardinal veins that form a common cardinal vein

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17
Q

vitelline veins

A

drain the umbilical vesicle which is where the intestines develop

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18
Q

umbilical veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the placenta

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19
Q

why do vitelline veins connect with developing hepatic sinusoids?

A

they drain all blood from the intestines into the liver to be filtered

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20
Q

right umbilical vein fate

A

degenerates

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21
Q

distally, left umbilical vein fate

A

remains the umbilical vein

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22
Q

proximally, left umbilical vein

A

forms large shunt, ductus venosus

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23
Q

ductus venosus

A

allows half the blood entering the fetal body to bypass the liver and enter the heart

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24
Q

5 major embryonic arteries

A

dorsal aorta, intersegmental arteries, vitelline arteries, umbilical arteries, and aortic arch arteries

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25
Q

embryonic arteries carry blood from

A

truncus arteriosus

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26
Q

umbilical arteries carry

A

deoxygenated blood to placenta

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27
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunt between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

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28
Q

why is the ductus arteriosus needed?

A

to bypass the fetal lungs

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29
Q

heart looping

A
  1. bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions
  2. heart bends on self, forms c-shaped dextral bulboventricular loop
  3. atrium and sinus venosus move dorsal and cranial; S shaped loop is formed
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30
Q

what begins after heart looping?

A

chamber formation and central point establishment

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31
Q

goal of establishing a central point

A

turn 1 atrioventricular canal into 2, form central point for heart development

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32
Q

what are endocardial cushions essential for?

A

forming atrioventricular canals, outflow tracts, and parts of both interatrial and interventricular septa

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33
Q

establishing a central point

A
  1. 2 endocardial cushions (dorsal and ventral) form on opposite sides of common atrioventricular canal
  2. endocardial cushions approach each other and fuse to form right and left atrioventricular canals
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34
Q

goal of dividing the common atrium

A

turn common atrium into right and left atrium with communication

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35
Q

first step of dividing the common atrium

A

septum primum grows from the roof of atrium toward endocardial cushions

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36
Q

what is the opening between the septum primum and endocardial cushions called?

A

foramen primum

37
Q

what does the foramen primum allow for?

A

shunting of blood from the right to left atrium

38
Q

second step of dividing the common atrium

A

perforation appears in the center of the septum primum and then coalesce to form foramen secundum

39
Q

third step of dividing the common atrium

A

septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions to form the primordial interatrial septum

40
Q

what allows for shunting of blood after formation of the primordial interatrial septum?

A

foramen secundum

41
Q

fourth step of dividing the common atrium

A

septum secundum grows from root of atrium toward endocardial cushions

42
Q

where does septum secundum form?

A

immediately to the right of septum primum

43
Q

fifth step of dividing the common atrium

A

septum secundum gradually overlaps septum primum and foramen secundum; this forms the interatrial septum with communication

44
Q

interatrial septum with communication allows for

A

shunting of blood from right to left atrium

45
Q

septum secundum opening is called

A

foramen ovale

46
Q

valve of foramen ovale is from

A

remaining part of septum primum

47
Q

crista dividens

A

inferior border of septum secundum, directs blood flow into left atrium

48
Q

3 essential fetal shunts

A

foramen ovale, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus

49
Q

goal of dividing outflow tracts and common ventricle

A

turn common ventricle into right and left ventricle
divide outflow tract into 2 vessels with appropriate connection to ventricles

50
Q

first step of dividing common ventricle

A

long columns are formed within walls of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus, called bulbar ridges and truncal ridges

51
Q

bulbar ridges and truncal ridges

A

conotruncal ridges

52
Q

conotruncal ridges are formed primarily from

A

neural crest cells

53
Q

second step of dividing common ventricle

A

muscular interventricular septum grows from floor of ventricle towards endocardial cushion

54
Q

opening between endocardial cushions and interventricular septum

A

interventricular foramen

55
Q

third step of dividing common ventricle

A

a 180º spiral is formed and conotruncal ridges fuse together lengthwise to form aorticopulmonary septum

56
Q

aorticopulmonary septum divides truncus arteriosus into…

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

57
Q

fourth step of dividing common ventricle

A

caudal part of bulbar ridges fuse with endocardial cushions to close the interventricular foramen

58
Q

closure of interventricular foramen forms…

A

membranous interventricular septum

59
Q

fifth step of dividing common ventricle

A

muscular and membranous interventricular septum fuse together to form interventricular septum

60
Q

sixth step of dividing common ventricle

A

cavitation of ventricle walls

61
Q

cavitation of ventricle walls forms

A

trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae

62
Q

coronary artery development

A
63
Q

cardiac valve development

A
64
Q

conduction system development

A
65
Q

truncus arteriosus final morphology

A

ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk

66
Q

bulbus cordis final morphology

A

conus arteriosus - smooth wall of RV
aortic vestibule - smooth wall of LV

67
Q

ventricle final morphology

A

trabecular walls

68
Q

atrium final morphology

A

pectinate walls, auricles of both atria

69
Q

sinus venosus final morphology

A

smooth wall of R atria, coronary sinus

70
Q

R anterior cardinal vein contributes to

A

SVC and L brachiocephalic vein

71
Q

L anterior cardinal vein contributes to

A

L brachiocephalic vein

72
Q

R common cardinal veins contribute to

A

SVC

73
Q

L common cardinal veins contribute to

A

coronary sinus, cardiac veins

74
Q

R subcardinal veins contribute to

A

suprarenal and renal IVC, renal veins, gonadal veins

75
Q

L subcardinal veins contribute to

A

renal and gonadal veins

76
Q

R supracardinal veins contribute to

A

renal and infrarenal IVC, azygos vein

77
Q

L supracardinal veins contribute to

A

hemiazygos vein

78
Q

R posterior cardinal veins contribute to

A

iliac IVC, common iliac veins

79
Q

L posterior cardinal veins contribute to

A

L common iliac vein

80
Q

final morphology R vitelline veins

A

hepatic IVC, hepatic portal system, ductus venosus

81
Q

final morphology of L umbilical vein

A

ductus venosus and umbilical vein entering fetus from placenta

82
Q

final morphology of dorsal aortae

A

descending aorta

83
Q

final morphology of intersegmental arteries

A

vertebral, intercostal, lumbar, common iliac, lateral sacral arteries

84
Q

final morphology of vitelline arteries

A

celiac, SMA, IMA

85
Q

final morphology of 3rd aortic arch arteries

A

common carotid, internal carotid arteries

86
Q

final morphology of R 4th aortic arch artery

A

right subclavian

87
Q

final morphology of L 4th aortic arch artery

A

middle arch of aorta

88
Q

final morphology of R 6th aortic arch artery

A

right pulmonary

89
Q

final morphology of L 6th aortic arch artery

A

left pulmonary, ductus arteriosus

unit 3 (13 decks)

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