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development of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of heart formation

A

heart tube formation, heart looping, and chamber formation

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2
Q

why does the heart loop?

A

developing structures are outgrowing the space because the fibrous pericardium does not stretch

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3
Q

foundational circulation development

A
  1. vasogenesis and angiogenesis form blood vessels in extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
  2. cells aggregate in cardiogenic areas to form R and L heart tubes
  3. R and L heart tubes squish to become a single heart tube during embryonic folding
  4. heart tube connects with blood vessels to form primordial cardiovascular system
  5. blood circulates
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4
Q

what does the endoderm secrete

A

VEGF, induces mesoderm to differentiate into endocardium

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5
Q

splanchnic mesoderm forms

A

cardiogenic area

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6
Q

after endoderm is formed from splanchnic mesoderm

A

cardiac jelly is secreted to form myocardium, then more splanchnic mesoderm migrates to form pericardium

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7
Q

neural crest cells

A

migrate in, many go to regions forming outflow tracts and cardiac valves

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8
Q

outflow tracts

A

pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

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9
Q

5 parts of the heart tube

A

sinus venosus (main inflow)
atrium
ventricle
bulbus cordis
truncus arteriosus (main outflow)

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10
Q

embryonic circulation consists of

A

3 major sets of veins, 5 major sets of arteries

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11
Q

venous system

A

right side dominant

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12
Q

arterial system

A

left side dominant

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13
Q

why is medium oxygenated blood fine in an embryo?

A

they are not exercising, walking, doing chores, etc

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14
Q

3 major embryonic veins

A

cardinal, vitelline, and umbilical

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15
Q

embryonic veins drain blood where

A

into sinus venosus

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16
Q

cardinal veins

A

drain the embryonic body; there are anterior and posterior cardinal veins that form a common cardinal vein

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17
Q

vitelline veins

A

drain the umbilical vesicle which is where the intestines develop

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18
Q

umbilical veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the placenta

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19
Q

why do vitelline veins connect with developing hepatic sinusoids?

A

they drain all blood from the intestines into the liver to be filtered

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20
Q

right umbilical vein fate

A

degenerates

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21
Q

distally, left umbilical vein fate

A

remains the umbilical vein

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22
Q

proximally, left umbilical vein

A

forms large shunt, ductus venosus

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23
Q

ductus venosus

A

allows half the blood entering the fetal body to bypass the liver and enter the heart

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24
Q

5 major embryonic arteries

A

dorsal aorta, intersegmental arteries, vitelline arteries, umbilical arteries, and aortic arch arteries

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25
embryonic arteries carry blood from
truncus arteriosus
26
umbilical arteries carry
deoxygenated blood to placenta
27
ductus arteriosus
shunt between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
28
why is the ductus arteriosus needed?
to bypass the fetal lungs
29
heart looping
1. bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions 2. heart bends on self, forms c-shaped dextral bulboventricular loop 3. atrium and sinus venosus move dorsal and cranial; S shaped loop is formed
30
what begins after heart looping?
chamber formation and central point establishment
31
goal of establishing a central point
turn 1 atrioventricular canal into 2, form central point for heart development
32
what are endocardial cushions essential for?
forming atrioventricular canals, outflow tracts, and parts of both interatrial and interventricular septa
33
establishing a central point
1. 2 endocardial cushions (dorsal and ventral) form on opposite sides of common atrioventricular canal 2. endocardial cushions approach each other and fuse to form right and left atrioventricular canals
34
goal of dividing the common atrium
turn common atrium into right and left atrium with communication
35
first step of dividing the common atrium
septum primum grows from the roof of atrium toward endocardial cushions
36
what is the opening between the septum primum and endocardial cushions called?
foramen primum
37
what does the foramen primum allow for?
shunting of blood from the right to left atrium
38
second step of dividing the common atrium
perforation appears in the center of the septum primum and then coalesce to form foramen secundum
39
third step of dividing the common atrium
septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions to form the primordial interatrial septum
40
what allows for shunting of blood after formation of the primordial interatrial septum?
foramen secundum
41
fourth step of dividing the common atrium
septum secundum grows from root of atrium toward endocardial cushions
42
where does septum secundum form?
immediately to the right of septum primum
43
fifth step of dividing the common atrium
septum secundum gradually overlaps septum primum and foramen secundum; this forms the interatrial septum with communication
44
interatrial septum with communication allows for
shunting of blood from right to left atrium
45
septum secundum opening is called
foramen ovale
46
valve of foramen ovale is from
remaining part of septum primum
47
crista dividens
inferior border of septum secundum, directs blood flow into left atrium
48
3 essential fetal shunts
foramen ovale, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus
49
goal of dividing outflow tracts and common ventricle
turn common ventricle into right and left ventricle divide outflow tract into 2 vessels with appropriate connection to ventricles
50
first step of dividing common ventricle
long columns are formed within walls of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus, called bulbar ridges and truncal ridges
51
bulbar ridges and truncal ridges
conotruncal ridges
52
conotruncal ridges are formed primarily from
neural crest cells
53
second step of dividing common ventricle
muscular interventricular septum grows from floor of ventricle towards endocardial cushion
54
opening between endocardial cushions and interventricular septum
interventricular foramen
55
third step of dividing common ventricle
a 180º spiral is formed and conotruncal ridges fuse together lengthwise to form aorticopulmonary septum
56
aorticopulmonary septum divides truncus arteriosus into...
aorta and pulmonary trunk
57
fourth step of dividing common ventricle
caudal part of bulbar ridges fuse with endocardial cushions to close the interventricular foramen
58
closure of interventricular foramen forms...
membranous interventricular septum
59
fifth step of dividing common ventricle
muscular and membranous interventricular septum fuse together to form interventricular septum
60
sixth step of dividing common ventricle
cavitation of ventricle walls
61
cavitation of ventricle walls forms
trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae
62
coronary artery development
63
cardiac valve development
64
conduction system development
65
truncus arteriosus final morphology
ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk
66
bulbus cordis final morphology
conus arteriosus - smooth wall of RV aortic vestibule - smooth wall of LV
67
ventricle final morphology
trabecular walls
68
atrium final morphology
pectinate walls, auricles of both atria
69
sinus venosus final morphology
smooth wall of R atria, coronary sinus
70
R anterior cardinal vein contributes to
SVC and L brachiocephalic vein
71
L anterior cardinal vein contributes to
L brachiocephalic vein
72
R common cardinal veins contribute to
SVC
73
L common cardinal veins contribute to
coronary sinus, cardiac veins
74
R subcardinal veins contribute to
suprarenal and renal IVC, renal veins, gonadal veins
75
L subcardinal veins contribute to
renal and gonadal veins
76
R supracardinal veins contribute to
renal and infrarenal IVC, azygos vein
77
L supracardinal veins contribute to
hemiazygos vein
78
R posterior cardinal veins contribute to
iliac IVC, common iliac veins
79
L posterior cardinal veins contribute to
L common iliac vein
80
final morphology R vitelline veins
hepatic IVC, hepatic portal system, ductus venosus
81
final morphology of L umbilical vein
ductus venosus and umbilical vein entering fetus from placenta
82
final morphology of dorsal aortae
descending aorta
83
final morphology of intersegmental arteries
vertebral, intercostal, lumbar, common iliac, lateral sacral arteries
84
final morphology of vitelline arteries
celiac, SMA, IMA
85
final morphology of 3rd aortic arch arteries
common carotid, internal carotid arteries
86
final morphology of R 4th aortic arch artery
right subclavian
87
final morphology of L 4th aortic arch artery
middle arch of aorta
88
final morphology of R 6th aortic arch artery
right pulmonary
89
final morphology of L 6th aortic arch artery
left pulmonary, ductus arteriosus

unit 3 (13 decks)

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