Development of the foot and ankle

Question 1

When does foot disks are recognisable

Answer 1

by week 5, but toes and rays are not yet identifiable

Question 2

describe the foot development at week 6 of gestation.

Answer 2

14-16 MM
inward rotation continues, leg left
digital rays become more distinct
LF counterclockwise. right clockwise

Question 3

Describe foot development at week 7?

Answer 3

foot structure is clearly recognisable.
Plantar surface faces medial, dorsal surface lateral
Foot is in equines.
entire lower limb externally rotated.

Question 4

Describe foot development at the end of 8th week?

Answer 4

continual progessive internal rotation of the thigh and leg with the foot beginning in equinus. supination and external rotation

Question 5

Describe foot development in 2nd month.

Answer 5

equines of 90 degrees and foot adducted

Question 6

Describe foot development in 3 month?

Answer 6

equines of 90 and foot adducted and supinated.

Question 7

Describe foot development in the middle of 3rd month?

Answer 7

Mild equnius and foot supination still present. 1st ray adducted, continual foot dorsiflexion..

Question 8

describe doot development at 4 months of pregnancy?

Answer 8

Foot pronates and plantar surface faces inferiorly. Equinus resolves. mild metatarsus varus remains.
note: foot pronation continues until unwinding, but still not complete at birth!

Question 9

describe the foot growth growth from 1st to 3rd trimester.?

Answer 9

1st and second trimester rapidly growing. gets slower at third trimester.

Question 10

What is the average annual groth of foot length from age 5-12 for female or 5-14 for male?

Answer 10

0.9cm

Question 11

what age is mature foot length for female and male respectively?

Answer 11

14, and 16

Question 12

outline the foot length growth from 2-5 years old?

Answer 12

on average,
half shoe size increase every2-3 month until the age of 2yrs
half shoe size increase every 3-4 months from 2-3 years
Hlaf shoe size increase every 4 months from 3-5 years

Question 13

When does the mesenchymal analges of the distal tibia and fibula seprated?

Answer 13

at Carnegie 17 distal tibia and fibula separated. the talar element is wedged in between.
the distal end of tibia is oblique and concave

Question 14

when does lateral and medial malleoli are the same length

Answer 14

at carnegie 18 and 20

Question 15

at which carnegie laterall malleoli extends distally?

Answer 15

22

Question 16

at which carnegie calcaneofibular contact established and when it is sperated?

Answer 16

20 and 22

Question 17

at which Carnegie Tibiofibular joint formed?

Answer 17

22

Question 18

when does Talus forms?

Answer 18

Carnegie 18

Question 19

Which segment of Talus is formed in TP?

Answer 19

body and Trochlea

Question 20

Which segment of talus is formed in sp?

Answer 20

talar neck and head

Question 21

describe each surface of talar element which communicates with other tarsal bone.?

Answer 21

lower surface-calcaneus
anterior navicular
posterolateral surface-lateral malleolus
Posterior medial surface-Tibial plafond and medial malleolus

Question 22

When does sustentaculum tali appears in embryonic?

Answer 22

at carnegie 22

Question 23

What is the declination angle of talar neck relative to head???

Answer 23

25

Question 24

Describe dimentional development of Talus?

Answer 24

Talar body grows more in height and posterior width than length

Talar neck declination angle continues to increase
Talar head turns more laterally relative to the body
unwinding and lateral shift of talar head-reduction of supinated rearfoot posture and adduction of the metatarsus

Question 25

at which Carnegie posterior lateral and posteromedial tuberosities on the inferior calcaneal surface appear?

Answer 25

carnegie 20

Question 26

Describe calcaneus embryonic. development?

Answer 26

short with a narrow superior surface anteromedial segment of superior surface corresponds to the overlapping talus. Posterior lateral surface supports the distal end of the tibia which resolves in Carnegie 22 sustentaculum tali visible at carnegie 22 extends further medially by 34mm.

Question 27

when does cuboid ossification occur?

Answer 27

10 month

Question 28

When is lat cuneform ossification centre

Answer 28

4-20

Question 29

Med cuneiform

Answer 29

2 yrs

Question 30

int cuneiform

Answer 30

3yrs

Question 31

Navicular

Answer 31

2-5 yrs

Question 32

when does talus starts to ossify

Answer 32

more than 7 month

Question 33

When does calcaneus starts to ossify

Answer 33

more than 4 months

Question 34

When does distal phallanux of hallux ossify?

Answer 34

1- less than 3 month

Question 35

proximal second and 1st phalanx ossifies at

Answer 35

jsut more than 3 months

Question 36

proximal3-5 ossifies

Answer 36

4- more than 3 month

Question 37

when does inter-phalangeal ossifies?

Answer 37

5, 2-4 sigits just more than 4 month. 5th digit a lillt more than 4 month

Question 38

When does shaf of metatarsal ossifes?

Answer 38

2-4 less than 3 month . 1-5 just more than 3 months

Question 39

how much dorsiflexion is available at new born

Answer 39

excessive Df availabe. dorsum of foot almost touches shin.

Question 40

what is the position of Tibial plafond

Answer 40

everted parallel to transverse plane by 12 years

Question 41

what is the postion of rear foot in OKC and ckc

Answer 41

okc rear foot is in varus ckc rearfoot is in valgus

Question 42

what is ankle joint plantar flexion rom from new born to 15 yrs old?

Answer 42

30-45

Question 43

what is ankle joint df of a newborn?

Answer 43

75

Question 44

what is anke joint df rom of 3 years old?

Answer 44

20-25

Question 45

what is ankle joint df of 10 yrs old?

Answer 45

15

Question 46

What is ankle joint df of 15 yrs old?

Answer 46

10

Question 47

what is foot posture of newborn?

Answer 47

neutral stj position 22 varus Total stj rom 45 forefoot varus 12-15 metatarsus primus adductus= 8-15

Question 48

What is the foot posture of a child?

Answer 48

less than 7 year everted due to soft tissue 1st yr 10 everted

Question 49

what is the formula we used for calculation RCSP?

Answer 49

7-child age+/-2

Question 50

What are the potential problems with obtaining lower limb measurements with young children

Answer 50

we get children sit next to partent. sometimes we may only get observational. for less than 5 years gestimation is fine

Question 51

ankle joint equinus?

Answer 51

reduction in ROM of df at ankle joint relative to the age

Question 52

assessment of ankle joint equnius?

Answer 52

gastroc equinus soleal equinus gastroc and soleal equinus

Question 53

What are the conditions associated with toe walking?

Answer 53

Congenital talpies equinus, autisim, cerebral pulsy, charcot marie tooth, developmental coordination disorder, muscle dystrophy, spina bifida

Question 54

Describe Os trigonum?

Answer 54

accessory ossicle at posterolateral tubercle of talus treatment is cast immobilisation and surgical excision

Question 55

os tibiale eternum

Answer 55

most problematic ossicle has 3 types Seasomoid bone within tendon of tib post Type 2 is most common secondary ossificationof navicular Type 3 secondary ossification of navicular and synostosis with navicular body

Question 56

How to treat os tibiale externum

Answer 56

RICER CAM WALKER NWB cast ARTHERODESIS surgical managment

Question 57

os intermetatarsum

Answer 57

between medial cuneiform and based of the 1st and second metatarsals incidence reported between 1.2-8.2 typically fused to the dorsolateral aspect of medial cuneiform

Question 58

what does additional digit called?

Answer 58

polydactyly 5th toe most commonly issues with trippping and shoes fitting

Question 59

what does fusion of adjecent digits called, describe the aetiology

Answer 59

syndactyly. due to failure of interdigital webbing to regress between adjecent toes during development of week 6

Question 60

what are the treatment option for curly ro raised digit

Answer 60

may resolve on its own taping and proper shoe fitting