Development of Self Flashcards
When does the self concept appear?
18months
What are some subtle gender socialization evidences?
Toys purchase
- Boys have more toy trucks
- girls have 5x more pink toys by 12-months-old
Play
- Parents present boys with more physical challenges than girls
- More likely to offer girls more help
Language differences
- more likely to use emotion words with girls than boys in early childhood
- Emotion understanding thus develops earlier in girls
Division of household chores
Media exposure
- More TV viewing by preschoolers associated with them more likely saying that people see “boys as better than girls”
What is the development of gender in children?
2.5-3yo-> emerges
3-5yo-> rigid gender-stereotyped behaviours
- preference for same-gender playmates and toys/clothes consistent with gender identity (Pink Frilly dress)
- cross cultural
—>lack of gender constancy
6yo→ gender constancy achieved
- gendered behaviour relaxes
- BUT acquire more complex expectations aout gender
- ex: boys are active and good at sports
What is gender constancy?
Understanding that gender remains the same regardless of superficial changes to appearance or behaviour
How does transgender children’s concept of gender develop?
same as cisgender children
What are the two ways that one might internalize others’ perceptions of them?
- direct→ how others describe them (ex: being told that not good at math)
- indirect→ how treated by others
What are the different stages of the development of the self?
3-6yo→ preoperational stage
- gender is central to self concept
- Concrete, observable characteristics that tend to focus on physical attributes and physical activities
- Unrealistically positive and confident→ centration
7-12yo→ concrete operational stage
- describe self using inner qualities
- self concept more accurate→ weaknesses and strengths
—>increased cognitive abilities
—>greater social comparison and influence by the opinions of others
13-18yo→ formal operational stage
- can think themselves in abstract ways
- more intense concern about social acceptance
Egocentrism→ early-mid adolescence
- Assume that their thoughts and feelings are more unique than they really are
Imaginary audience
- belief that everyone is very focused on their appearance and behaviour
—>many questions about identity
—>aware that behaving differently depending on context
What are the Marcia’s Identity Statutes?
Identity diffusion
Lack of exploration of options and no commitments made
- Due to lack of interest in own identity or indecision which is common in children
- If persists into late adolescence/adulthood, associated with feeling disconnected, being easily influenced by others, and little sense of purpose
- ex: young adults with no deep relationship, no hobbies or prospects
Moratorium
Up to early 20s→ active exploration but no commitments yet
- awareness of multiple selves
- feeling of confusion and anxiety which are normal
- important phase for identity achievement
Foreclosure
Early 20s as well→ Commitment to a life path without having explored alternatives
- due to parents making decisions OR teens strongly identifies with a parent
- more likely in obedient teens and authoritarian parents
- problem is not choosing a path that is a good fit→ lower life satisfaction
- more likely in collectivistic cultures
—>most teens are in moratorium or foreclosure
—>moratorium seen as healthier in adolescence
Identity achievement
Completed phase of exploration and commitment to an internally driven identity
- more positive mental health and social outcomes
- achieved early adulthood (mid 20s)
- biggest gains in identity in post secondary schooling because of various exposure
What are some criticisms of Marcia’s Identity Statutes?
Research conducted in WEIRD samples→ could differ in other cultures
Identity development is continuous process
- not limited to adolescence
- can restart process
- ex: losing a job, breakup
What is the development of play in children?
Non Social Play
Doesn’t involve peers
Birth-3months→ unoccupied play
- watches things around but nothing holds attention
3months-2yo→ Solitary play
- focus on own activity
- uninterested in others
around 2yo→ Onlooker play
- watches other children play
- ask question but don’t join
Social Play
2-3yo→ Parallel play
- play next to each other
- same activity but no interaction
- ex: building towers with cubes
3-4yo→ Associative play
- play together but have different goals
4+yo→ Cooperative play
- play together towards common goal
- hide and seek or tag
—>more advanced forms of play doesn’t mean that no longer engage in less advance form of play
How is play critical for learning?
Social-emotional development
- Learn to cooperate
- Develop theory of mind
Cognitive development
- Practice problem-solving
- Develop language skills
Motor development
- Learning about the world through trial and error
- Unoccupied play fosters motor skills
What are the two major factors influencing the formation of friendship?
Proximity and Similarity
What is the development of friendship in children?
1-2yo→ Show preference of some children over others
- ex: touch them more or smile more
2-3yo→ Developing more complex social behaviours
- turn taking, cooperative problem solving
- emergence of parallel play
3-5yo→ concept of friendship
- defined as playing together
- have at least one friend
- have more conflict with friends than non friends
- emergence of preference for same gender peers
6-8yo→ Define friendship based on shared activities with peers
- play soccer together
9-12yo→ definition includes trust, care and help
Adolescence→ primarily defined by self-disclosure and intimacy
- take central importance
- have more friends of different genders at age 13
How does girl differ in their friendship?
- Desire more closeness and dependency in friendships
- But comes with more worrying and stress about friendships
—>BUT similar level of conflicts and stability
