Development of Multicellular Organisms II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe phase 1 of neural development

A

different cell types (neurons, glial cells) develop independently at widely separate locations in embryo according to local program and are unconnected

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2
Q

Describe phase 2 of neural development

A

Axons and dendrites grow out along specific routes setting up a provisional but orderly network of connections between various parts of the nervous system

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3
Q

Describe phase 3 of neural development

A

continues into adult life, connections are adjusted and refined through interactions with distant regions via electric signals

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4
Q

Neurons are produced in association with ____ cells

A

glial

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5
Q

Where do neurons and glial cells develop from?

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

Where is the CNS derived from? the PNS?

A

CNS: neural tube
PNS: neural crest

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7
Q

What controls differentiation into neurons (lateral inhibition and positive feedback)?

A

delta notch

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8
Q

The neural crest originate at the ______ end of the neural tube

A

dorsal

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9
Q

Fate of the neural crest cells depend on what?

A

where they migrate to and settle

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10
Q

What does a typical immature neuron have?

A

cell body, long axon, several short dendrites

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11
Q

Growth cone behavior is dictated by its ______ machinery

A

cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Growth cones grow out of ______ and _____

A

filopodia and lamelopodia

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13
Q

Monomeric GTPases Rho and Rac control the assembly/disassembly of _______ which control movement of growth cone

A

actin filaments

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14
Q

What are chemotactor factors released by?

A

neighboring cells

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15
Q

What are the two important classes of hemophiliac cell adhesion molecules?

A

immunoglobin superfamily

cadherin family

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16
Q

Ventral clusters of spinal cord neurons develop as ____ neurons send out long axons to connect with specific subset of muscles

17
Q

Intermediate location has ______ that connect specific set of nerve cells to each other

A

inter neurons

18
Q

Describe chemotactic factors

A

secreted by cells, act as guidance factors at strategic points along path. May be attractive and repulsive

19
Q

What does the first stage depend on?

A

nectarine secretion

20
Q

Binding of netrin to its receptor causes opening of ______ channels

A

TRPC (transient receptor potential C)

21
Q

What does Slit do?

A

repels growth cones and blocks entry to the midline

22
Q

Target produces limited amount of specific _______ factors needed for survival

A

neurotrophic

23
Q

What was the first prototypical neurotrophic factor?

A

nerve growth factor (NGF)

24
Q

What family does NGF belong to? what is the receptor?

A

family: neurotrophins
receptor: tyrosine kinase (TrkA)

25
What does NGF do?
promotes survival of specific sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons
26
What is the short term effect of NGF?
effect on growth cone and neurite extension. Effect is local, direct, rapid and independent of communication with cell body
27
What is the long term effect of NGF?
effect on cell survival. Mediated by its receptor, uptake into cells via endocytosis and stimulation of downstream signaling pathways
28
What two rules are synaptic remodeling dependent on that rate spatial order?
- axons from cell in different regions of retina compete for tectal neurons - axons from neighboring sites which are excited at same time cooperate/collaborate to retrain and strengthen synapses with tectal neuron
29
neurons that fire together _____ together
wire
30
entry of ____ through the glutamate receptor ( _____ receptor) triggers lasting change in synaptic strength
calcium, NMDA