Development of Multicellular Organisms I

Question 1

What controls development?

Answer 1

differential gene expression

Question 2

Homologous proteins are functionally ______

Answer 2

interchangeable

Question 3

Genome become activated and cells divide and cohere to form a ______

Answer 3

blastula

Question 4

A blastula undergoes massive rearrangements to form _____

Answer 4

gastrula

Question 5

Blastula consist of a sheet of _______ cells facing the external medium

Answer 5

epithelial

Question 6

What is the ectoderm?

Answer 6

precursor of nervous system and epidermis

Question 7

What is the endoderm?

Answer 7

precursor of gut, lung and liver

Question 8

What is the mesoderm?

Answer 8

precursor of muscles and connective tissues

Question 9

What is the most important for development?

Answer 9

gene regularly proteins

Question 10

Where is the instructions for producing a multicellular animal?

Answer 10

non coding regulatory proteins

Question 11

Non coding sequences make organisms ______ from each other

Answer 11

different

Question 12

What are determined cells?

Answer 12

cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in environment

Question 13

What are completely undetermined cells?

Answer 13

cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in environment

Question 14

What are committed cells?

Answer 14

cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with environment

Question 15

What are the most important environmental cues?

Answer 15

signals from neighboring cells

Question 16

What is a short range signal?

Answer 16

cell- cell contacts

Question 17

What is long range signaling?

Answer 17

substances that can diffuse through the extracellular medium

Question 18

What are morphogen?

Answer 18

long rang inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells

Question 19

What forms the morphogen gradient?

Answer 19

• localize production of an inducer that diffuses away from its source
• localized production of an inhibitor that diffuses away form its source and backs the action of a uniformly distributed inducer

Question 20

What factors cause diversity in pattern due to many factors?

Answer 20

• combinatorial control
• cell memory
• sequential induction

Question 21

What is combinatorial control?

Answer 21

response of a cell to a give signal may differ based on the presence of other signals (combinations create variety)

Question 22

What is cell memory?

Answer 22

effect of a give signal depends on previous experiences of the cell (which may have altered its chromatin, regulatory proteins, transcription and RNA)

Question 23

What is sequential induction?

Answer 23

different signals formed/secretion in a spatial and temporal manner

Question 24

Ligand family of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

Answer 24

EGF
FGF
Ephrins

Question 25

Receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

Answer 25

EGF receptors
FGF receptors
Eph receptors

Question 26

TGF beta superfamily ligand family

Answer 26

TGF Beta
BMO
Nodal

Question 27

TGF beta superfamily receptor family

Answer 27

TGF beta recetpors

BMP receptors

Question 28

Wnt ligand family

Answer 28

Wnt (wingless)

Question 29

Wnt receptor family

Answer 29

frizzled

Question 30

Hedgehog ligand family

Answer 30

hedgehog

Question 31

hedgehog receptor family

Answer 31

patched, smooth

Question 32

Notch ligand family

Answer 32

delta

Question 33

notch receptor family

Answer 33

notch