Apoptosis

Question 1

What is necrosis?

Answer 1

“dirty way of dying” for example: carrying Petri dish of cells; spill and step on them, accidental cell death

Question 2

What is apoptosis?

Answer 2

“clean way of dying” cell death under physiological conditions, programmed cell death that minimizes spread of damage and/or inflammation

Question 3

What is the phenotype of apoptosis?

Answer 3

overall shrinkage in volume of cell
loss of adhesion to neighboring cells
formation of blebs on surface 
DNA fragmentation 
cytoskeleton collapses 
nuclear envelope disassembles 
rapid engulfment of dying cell by phagocytosis

Question 4

What is caspase?

Answer 4

cysteine aspartyl specific protease

Question 5

What is an active site on caspase?

Answer 5

cysteine

Question 6

What does caspase?

Answer 6

targets proteins and cleaves them in their sequence where an aspartic amino acid residue occurs

Question 7

What is the inactive precursor of caspases? how does it become active?

Answer 7

procaspase; by protease cleavage

Question 8

What is initiator caspase?

Answer 8

initiates apoptosis

Question 9

What is executioner caspase?

Answer 9

destroys actual targets- executes apoptosis

Question 10

What are examples of internal stimuli?

Answer 10

abnormalities in DNA

Question 11

What are examples of external stimuli?

Answer 11

removal of survival factors and proteins of tumor necrosis factor family

Question 12

Intrinsic pathway is mitochondrial ________

Answer 12

dependent

Question 13

Extrinsic pathway is mitochondrial _______

Answer 13

independent

Question 14

Extracellular signals bind to cell surface ________ receptors and trigger extrinsic pathway

Answer 14

death

Question 15

What are the three domains of death receptors?

Answer 15

extracellular binding domain
single transmembrane domain
intracellular death domain

Question 16

Extrinsic pathway activates downstream _______ _____

Answer 16

executioner caspases

Question 17

What are decoy receptors?

Answer 17

have ligand binding domain but no death domain

Question 18

What is FLIP?

Answer 18

protein resembling initiator procaspase with no proteolytic domain

Question 19

FLIP is a ______ inhibitor against procaspase 8 and procaspase 10; prevents apoptosis

Answer 19

competitive

Question 20

Decoy proteins and FLIP act as ______

Answer 20

sponges

Question 21

When cytochrome C is release from mitochondria, it binds to procaspase activating adaptor protein called ______

Answer 21

Apaf1

Question 22

Apaf1 forms ____ which activates _____

Answer 22

apoptosome; capase-9

Question 23

What does the Bcl2 family of proteins regulate what?

Answer 23

intrinsic pathway

Question 24

What are the two types of Bcl2 protein?

Answer 24

anti apoptotic

pro apoptotic

Question 25

What does anti apoptotic protein do?

Answer 25

blocks release of cytochrome C

Question 26

What does pro apoptotic protein do?

Answer 26

promotes release of cytochrome C