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Molecular Exam 3 > Cell Cycle 1 > Flashcards

Cell Cycle 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in cell reproduction?

A

duplication of contents of cell (chromosomes and organelles)

divide cell into two (cytokinesis)

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2
Q

What are the three major functional aspects of the cell cycle?

A
  1. cell growth and chromosome replication
  2. chromosome segregation
  3. cell division
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3
Q

What is the goal of the cell cycle?

A

produce two genetically identical daughter cells

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4
Q

How often do mistakes occur in the cell cycle?

A

rate of 1 x 10^-9 per replication

6 mistakes occur in one cell division

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5
Q

Cancer is a disease of excess cell _______

A

proliferation

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6
Q

Chromosome duplication is in the ___ phase of cell cycle

A

S

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7
Q

Chromosome segregation and cell division occur during ____ phase of cell cycle

A

M

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

cell division

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9
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

chromosomes condense into rigid rods called sister chromatids (become attached to mitotic spindle: a bipolar array of microtubules)

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10
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

sister chromatids line up at equator of cell attached to opposite poles of spindle

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11
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes and are pulled to opposite poles of spindle

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12
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

spindle disassembles, chromosomes packaged into separate nuclei, cytokinesis occurs

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13
Q

What are the GAP phases?

A

phases which allow for more time to grow

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14
Q

When does G1 phase occur?

A

between M and S

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15
Q

When does G2 phase occur?

A

between S and M

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16
Q

Describe checkpoint 1

A

Start, cell commits cycle entry and chromosome duplication

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17
Q

Describe checkpont 2

A

G2/M- chromosome alignment on spindle in metaphase

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18
Q

Describe checkpoint 3

A

metaphase to anaphase transition- trigger sister chromatid separation and cytokinesis

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19
Q

Describe fission yeast

A

grows by elongation at ends; division occurs when septum or cell plate form midway along rod shaped cell

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20
Q

Describe budding yeast

A

oval yeast that divides by forming a bud; the bud first appears at G1 and grows until mitosis phase

21
Q

What are immortalized cell lines?

A

cell lines grow forever

22
Q

What do cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) do?

A

phosphorylate proteins downstream to activate them and regulate cell cycle events

23
Q

What are the proteins that regulate Cdks?

A

cyclins

24
Q

Cdks must be _____ to cyclin to have protein kinase activity

A

bound

25
Q

Are Cdk levels constant?

A

yes, only cyclin levels vary

26
Q

What do G1/S cyclins do?

A

start cell cycle by activating Cdks in late G1

27
Q

What do S cyclins do?

A

duplicate DNA

28
Q

What do M cyclins do?

A

mitosis

29
Q

______ of Cdks rise and fall during cell cycle

________ of cyclins rise and rall

A

activities; levels

30
Q

When binding cyclin to Cdk, what happens to the t-loop?

A

it moves out of the active site and phosphorylation occurs, allowing for fully activated enzyme

31
Q

How does Wee1 kinase inhibit Cdk activity?

A

by phosphorylating the roof site

32
Q

How does Cdc25 increase Cdk activity?

A

It is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates roof site to increase activity

33
Q

What are CKI proteins?

A

Cdk inhibitory proteins that causes cyclin-Cdk complex to be inhibited

34
Q

What is INK4A?

A

CKI involved in G1 phase of cell cycle

35
Q

_____ occurs in INK4A gene in hereditary melanoma. Which results in what?

A

mutation

cannot control cell cycle and cells grow uncontrollably and you get cancer

36
Q

What is p53?

A

a major tumor suppressor

37
Q

What does p53 do to p21?

A

up regulates it

38
Q

What is p21?

A

CKI to stop cell division

39
Q

What happens when there is a fail in function for p53?

A

lower p21 expression and without this CKI cells divide uncontrollably– cancer

40
Q

Proteolysis of CKI’s can turn on ______

A

S-Cdk’s

41
Q

What controls mitosis?

A

M-Cdk

42
Q

What is the inactive form of m-cdk?

A

cyclin-M cdk complex

43
Q

What holds M-cdk in inactive state?

A

Wee1

44
Q

activation of primed M-cdk is by _____

A

Cdc25 protein phosphatase

45
Q

What two proteins affect the APC/C system?

A

cohesin and securin

46
Q

What does cohesin do?

A

glue sister chromatids together by their length

47
Q

What does securin do?

A

protects cohesion protein linkages that hold sister chromatid pairs together in early mitosis

48
Q

Securin ______ cohesins

A

protects

49
Q

How does securin protect cohesin?

A

inhibiting a protein called separate, an enzyme that cleaves cohesin

Molecular Exam 3 (13 decks)

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