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ER Exam 2 > Development of Genital System > Flashcards

Development of Genital System Flashcards

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1
Q

What embryological layer do the nephrogenic cord and urogenital ridge arise from?

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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2
Q

What gives rise to the primary sex cords?

A

Coelomic epithelium

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3
Q

What primordial germ cells does the coelomic epithelium give rise to?

A

Sertoli cells, seminiferous cords

Follicle cells

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4
Q

What primordial germ cells does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Interstitial/Leydig cells, Tunica Albuginea

Thecal cells

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5
Q

What week does sexual differentiation begin?

A

Week 7

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6
Q

What week can female and male genitalia be recognized?

A

Week 12

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7
Q

In what week is phenotypic differentiation of the genitalia complete?

A

Week 20

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8
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct give rise to?

A

Female internal genitalia:

Oviduct

Uterine tubes

Uterovaginal primordium (Uterus and Upper Vagina)

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9
Q

What does the mesonephric duct give rise to?

A

Male internal genitalia:

Epididymis

Vas Deferens

Seminal vesicle

Ejaculatory duct

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10
Q

What is the mesonephric duct also known as?

A

Wolffian Duct

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11
Q

What is the paramesonephric duct also known as?

A

Mullerian duct

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12
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm of the urogenital ridge give rise to?

A

Mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts

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13
Q

What is the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome?

A

SRY gene

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14
Q

What does the SRY gene induce Leydig cells to do?

A

Produce testosterone => Persistent mesonephric ducts => DHT => +Male external Genitalia

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15
Q

What does the SRY gene induce Sertoli cells to do?

A

Produce AMH => degenerate paramesonephric ducts => - female external genitalia

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16
Q

In what week does gametogenesis occur?

A

Week 2

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17
Q

What do the primary sex cords give rise to?

A

Medulla of gonads

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18
Q

What cells does the Allantois/Yolk sac endoderm contain? In what weeks?

A

Primordial germ cells from epiblast

Weeks 3 and 4

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19
Q

In week 5, what are the primordial germ cells doing?

A

Migrating through dorsal mesentery

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20
Q

In week 6, what are the primordial germ cells doing?

A

Colonizing primary sex cords

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21
Q

Oogenesis is the increase in oogonia by what type of cell division?

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

In what prenatal month is the number of oogonia the largest?

A

5th prenatal month

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23
Q

At what cell division stage is the oocyte arrested at ovulation?

A

Meiosis I

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24
Q

At what cell division stage is the oocyte arrested at fertilization?

A

Meiosis II

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25
Q

What is the central event of sex determination?

A

Genetic differentiation (XX and XY)

Differentiation of Testes

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26
Q

What are the secondary events of sex determination?

A

Production of humoral factors by gonads (release of testosterone, estrogen) to produce phenotypic differentiation

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27
Q

What is the activator of the SRY gene?

A

Testis-determining Factor (TDF)

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28
Q

Pt with Ovotesticular DSD will present with what?

A

True gonadal intersex - both testicular and ovarian tissue, ovotestis

Male or female phenotype with ambiguous external genitalia

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29
Q

What DSD can be caused by exposure of a female fetus to excessive androgens?

A

46, XX DSD

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30
Q

How will 46XX DSD present?

A

Normal female internal genitalia

Masculinized external genitalia - clitoral hypertrophy, partial fusion of labia majora, persistent urogenital sinus

31
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a deficiency in what enzyme? What does it cause?

A

Deficient 21-Hydroxylase

Causes reduction in cortisol and excess production of androgens => Masculinized external genitalia

32
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is an example of what kind of DSD?

A

46,XX DSD

33
Q

An inadequate production of testosterone or AMH can result in what kind of DSD?

A

46XY DSD

34
Q

How may a pt with 46XY DSD present?

A

Rudimentary to normal testicular development

Persistent paramesonephric ducts

Female/Ambiguous external genitalia

35
Q

What kind of syndrome would a patient have if they present with a blind end vagina, absent uterus, and no menstruation?

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

36
Q

What is the genotype and phenotype of a patient with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A

46 XY, present testes

Normal external female genitalia, breast development, and female characteristics

No menstruation, uterus/uterine tubes

37
Q

A 5a-reductase deficiency would result in what?

A

(Inability to convert testosterone to DHT)

Normal internal male genitalia

Ambiguous External genitalia

38
Q

In what week does the gonadal ridge appear on the medial side of the mesonephros?

A

Week 5

39
Q

What do the secondary sex cords give rise to?

A

Cortex of gonads:

Primordial follicles

Granulosa cells

40
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules give rise to?

A

Rete testes

Efferent ductules

41
Q

What is the prostatic utricle an embryological remnant of?

A

Paramesonephric duct (NOT MESONEPHRIC)

42
Q

Appendix testis is an embryological remnant of what?

A

Paramesonephric duct (Not mesonephric)

43
Q

Appendix epididymis is an embryological remnant of what?

A

Mesonephric duct (not paramesonephric)

44
Q

How is the sinus tubercle formed?

A

Projection of paramesonephric ducts to the urogenital sinus (bladder)

45
Q

Embryological remnants of the mesonephric duct in females?

A

Epophoron (closer to ovary)

Paroophoron (closer to uterus)

Gartner’s cyst (lateral wall of vagina)

46
Q

What layer are the sinovaginal bulbs derived from?

A

Endoderm

47
Q

What failed in Uterus Didelphys?

A

Paramesonephric ducts did not fuse, formation of L and R uterus

48
Q

What failed in Uterus Arcuatus?

A

Milder form of incomplete paramesonephric duct fusion

49
Q

What failed in Uterus Bicornis?

A

Incomplete Paramesonephric duct fusion

50
Q

What failed in Uterus Bicornis Unicoilis?

A

Atrophy of paramesonephric duct => no fusion

51
Q

What failed in Cervical Atresia?

A

Caudal paramesonephric duct atrophy => Blind end vagina, unable to shed uterine lining => abdominal pain

52
Q

What failed in vaginal atresia?

A

Failure of sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate to form => no vaginal canal

53
Q

What is the embryological origin of the bladder and the urethra?

A

Hindgut endoderm

54
Q

In males, what does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

Prostate

55
Q

What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

Bulbourethral glands

56
Q

What layer gives rise to the smooth muscle and connective tissue of the prostate and bulbourethral glands?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

57
Q

What influences male external genitalia to form?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

58
Q

What does the genital tubercle give rise to?

A

Glans penis

Glans clitoris

59
Q

What do the urethral (urogenital) folds give rise to?

A

M: Lateral walls of urethra, spongy urethra, penile raphe

F: Frenulum of labia minora

60
Q

What do the labioscrotal swellings give rise to?

A

Scrotum

Labium majus, mons pubis

61
Q

What failed in glandular hypospadia?

A

Incomplete fusion of the urogenital folds/dysfunctional development of navicular fossa

Ventral

62
Q

What failed in penile hypospadia?

A

Incomplete fusion of urogenital folds on the shaft of the penis

ventral side

63
Q

What failed in periscrotal hypospadia?

A

Lack of fusion of the labioscrotal swellings

64
Q

What failed in epispadias?

A

Improper location of genital tubercles to cloacal membrane

Dorsal

Associated with bladder exstrophy (protrusion through abdominal wall)

65
Q

What embryological layer does the suspensory ligament arise from?

A

Mesoderm

66
Q

What does the ovarian ligament arise from?

A

Cranial part of gubernaculum

67
Q

What does the caudal part of the gubernaculum give rise to?

A

Round Ligment of the uterus

68
Q

Homologs of mesonephric tubules

A

M: Efferent ductules

F: Epoophoron, paroophoron

69
Q

Homologs of mesonephric duct

A

M: Ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

F: Duct of epoophoron, duct of paroophoron, Gartner’s cyst

70
Q

Homologs of Paramesonephric duct

A

M: Prostatic utricle

F: Uterine tube, uterus, superior 1/3 of vagina

71
Q

Homologs of urogenital sinus

A

M: Bladder, urethra, prostate, bulbourethral gland

F: Bladder, urethra, inferior 2/3 of vagina, greater and lesser vestibular glands, vagina, vestibule, hymen

72
Q

Homologs of genital swellings

A

M: Scrotum

F: Labia Majora

73
Q

Homologs of urethral folds

A

M: Floor of spongy urethra

F: Labia Minora

74
Q

Homologs of gubernaculum

A

M: Gubernaculum testis

F: Ovarian L., Round L. of the Uterus

ER Exam 2 (16 decks)

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