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Developmental 2 > Development of Emotion > Flashcards

Development of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what do children communication through emotional expression?

A

feelings, needs and desires - which therefore influence other people’s behaviours

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2
Q

what are emotions?

A

subjective reaction to something in the environment. usually comes with physiological arousal. often communicated through expression or action. pleasant or unpleasant.

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3
Q

why are emotions important - specifically for children?

A

let other people know how they feel; window into children’s likes and dislikes; linked to social and school success; help us adapt to our environment

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4
Q

what does emotion knowledge at age 5 predict?

A

social skills and academic competence age 9 after controlling for gender, verbal ability and temperament (Izard, Fine, Schultz, Mostow, Ackerman & Youngstrom)

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5
Q

describe emotional expression at birth

A

positive (content) and negative (distress) emotions become more differentiated

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6
Q

describe emotional expression from 1 month old

A

can show joy, fear, anger, surprise and sadness. possibly disgust and contempt

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7
Q

what are the primary emotions (and who termed them as such)

A

joy, sadness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, love - Schwarts, Kirson & O’Connor, 1987

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8
Q

how can we determine emotions in infants?

A

facial expressions provide important clues about which emotion the child is experiencing

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9
Q

give an example of a study showing how we can determine emotions in infants

A

mothers can distinguish several emotions displayed by infants in the first few months of life - Campos et al, 1983

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10
Q

type 1 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

simple cause and effect

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11
Q

type 2 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

mentalistic

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12
Q

type 3 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

reflecitve

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13
Q

components of simple cause and effect in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

recognition, reminder, eternal cause

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14
Q

components of mentalistic in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

belief, desire, hiding

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15
Q

components of reflective in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

morality, regulation, mixed

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16
Q

age for simple cause and effect in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

3-5

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17
Q

age for mentalistic in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

5-7

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18
Q

age for reflective in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

A

7-9

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19
Q

give an example of a ‘recognising faces’ question

A

which is happy?

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20
Q

give an example of an ‘external causes’ question

A

this boy is trying to draw a picture and his brother won’t let him. how does he feel?

21
Q

give an example of a ‘reminiscence’ question

A

how does the girl feel when asked to think about her turtle who just died?

22
Q

give an example of a mentalistic, hidden emotions study

A

Joshi & MacLean (1994). Meena’s granddad gave her a chocolate and she doesn’t want her mum to know she’s had chocolate or she won’t get more. how does mean feel, and how does she try to look when her mum comes in?

23
Q

give an example of a desire study

A

Harris and colleagues, 1989. ellie the elephants wants a drink, but she only likes coke/milk. how does she feel then she gets coke/milk. 3-5 year olds said she would be happy if she got what she wanted. 5yr olds more likely to differentiate whether animal got what they wanted or not

24
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

children’s understanding that people have mental states such as thoughts, beliefs, and desires that affect their behaviour. it allows children to get beyond peoples observable actions and appearances and respond to their unseen states.

25
Q

give an example of a false belief task

A

maxi puts his chocolate in the kitchen and leaves the room. when he’s away, his mother moves the chocolate from the cupboard to a drawer. where will he look for his chocolate?

26
Q

what generally happens in studies of emotions based on false belief?

A

typically children are more successful in answering belief than strong emotion questions. eg. little red riding hood stories - who will answer the door? how will little red riding hood feel?

27
Q

give an example of a mentalistic emotions study

A

Avis & Harris, 1991. experimenter says ‘look at these tasty kernels I’ve got.’ then leaves. child and experimenter 2 move them. where will he look? before he lifts the lid, how will he feel? after he lifts the lid, how will he feel?

28
Q

give an example of a study showing self versus others’ false-belief emotions

A

Bender, Pons, Harris & deRosnay, 2011. asked about unexpected contents task (smarties) for self and others. both age groups understood beliefs better than emotion, and did better on self than other.

29
Q

give 3 examples of reflective emotions

A

ambivalent emotions, regulation, moral emotions

30
Q

give an example of a study on ambivalent emotions

A

Harris, 1983. can you feel two emotions at the same time? 5-7 deny, 10-11 accept. 10 because you haven’t got two heads/can’t make your face go up and down at the same time. if yes, some part of his body is happy and some part is sad.

31
Q

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 4-6yr olds believe?

A

one emotion at a time

32
Q

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 6-8yr olds believe?

A

two emotions of the same type

33
Q

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 8-9 yrs olds beleive

A

two distinct emotions in response to different situations at the same time

34
Q

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 10 yr olds believe

A

two opposing feelings when the events are different or there are different aspects of the same situation

35
Q

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 11-12 yr olds believe

A

same event causing opposing feelings

36
Q

give an example of a study looking at regulation

A

Salas, Pons & Molina, 2014. 3,4,5, and 6 yr olds. told to complete stories. then looked at the different strategies - behaviour strategy, social support, attentional deployment and cognitive reappraisal. older children had more cognitive reappraisal, more strategies and more valid strategies

37
Q

what impact do parents have on children’s emotion? and name the researcher.

A

Morris et al, 2007. model emotion behaviours. develop the emotional climate in the family. specific behaviours, such as conversations and coaching and dismissing

38
Q

what is the impact of mothers having social phobia on children?

A

25% develop it too. no difference for 10 month old infants, but infants of mothers with SP increased in social avoidance when interacting with stranger compared to comparison mothers

39
Q

how does Fivush (2007) argue that parents help their children learn about emotions?

A

by reminiscing with them about shared past emotional experiences

40
Q

children whose mothers discuss feelings more are better able to…

A

recognise others’ emotions and have better emotional regulation (Dunn, 2004)

41
Q

children whose mothers use more emotion questions have a better…

A

understanding of emotion causes (Denham & Auerbach, 1995)

42
Q

mothers’ use of emotion language predicts ability to…

A

label emotions (Denham & Auerbach, 1995)

43
Q

what were the two parts of the conversation and emotion understanding study by Aznar &T Tenenbaum (2013)

A

reminiscence and play

44
Q

what predicts increases in children’s emotional understanding from 4-6 yrs?

A

Karstad and colleagues, 2015. parents’ mentalisation scores; child social skills (rated by teachers); verbal skills. NO EFFECT of emotional availability or gender.

45
Q

what is the evidence that conversations aid emotion understanding?

A

children may talk themselves to understanding (deRosnay & Hughes, 2006).

46
Q

example of a self-summary question

A

how high did charlie climb?

47
Q

example of a self-explanation question

A

why is charlie laughing instead of crying?

48
Q

example of an experimenter-explanation

A

charlie laughs instead of cries so that his classmates won’t know how bad his knee feels

Developmental 2 (7 decks)

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