Attachment and Childcare

Question 1

define attachment

Answer 1

enduring emotional tie to a special person, characterised by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, especially during times of stress

Question 2

what are the three stages Bowlby defined when infants were separated from their caregivers?

Answer 2

protest, despair, detachment

Question 3

according to attachment theory, want does the infant use the caregiver as?

Answer 3

a secure base for explorations and separations. develops an internal working model

Question 4

what does the internal working model serve as a basis for?

Answer 4

future relationships

Question 5

describe the first stage of attachment

Answer 5

newborns. make noise to signal caregiver, do not discriminate

Question 6

describe the second stage of attachment

Answer 6

5-7 months. discriminates. more easily comforted by the they know

Question 7

describe the third stage of attachment

Answer 7

7-9 months. maintains proximity to favoured person. protests if they leave, fear of strangers.

Question 8

describe the forth stage of attachment

Answer 8

2-3 years. can wait for caregiver. goal-correct partnership, accommodate to caregiver’s needs.

Question 9

describe the fifth stage of attachment

Answer 9

school age. lessening of attachment. abstract notion of trust and affection. internal working model.

Question 10

describe the work of Mary Ainsworth

Answer 10

collabbed with Bowlby. observed Ugandan mothers with their kids. examined maternal sensitivity. developed the strange situation

Question 11

describe the behaviour of the securely attached Ugandan children

Answer 11

cried little and seemed content to explore in presence of mother

Question 12

describe the behaviour of the insecurely attached Ugandan children

Answer 12

cried frequently even when held by mother and explored little

Question 13

describe the (A) attachment

Answer 13

anxious/avoidant. child may not be distressed at mother’s departure and may avoid or turn away from her on her return

Question 14

describe the (B) attachment

Answer 14

securely attached. child distressed by mother’s departure and easily soothed by her on her return

Question 15

describe the (C) attachment

Answer 15

anxious/resistant/ambivalent. child may stay v close to mother in first few minutes and be highly distressed at departure. on return, will seek comfort AND distance from mother. crying and reaching to be held and then trying to leave once picked up

Question 16

describe the (D) attachment

Answer 16

disorganised/disoriented. does not fit into any of the there patterns

Question 17

what happens in the brains of insecurely attached infants during the strange situation?

Answer 17

more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex, which specialised in negative emotion - and vice versa for securely attached infants

Question 18

what is a different way of studying attachment aside from the strange situation?

Answer 18

Waters & Deane (1985). Attachment Q-Set

Question 19

what are the core hypotheses of attachment theory?

Answer 19

sensitivity hypothesis, and competence hypothesis

Question 20

is sensitivity culturally universal? describe a study.

Answer 20

Mesman et al., 2016. 751 mothers from Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia. 90 items to stack. correlation of .68 across participants

Question 21

is there a relation between sensitivity and the strange situation?

Answer 21

Seifer and colleagues, 1996. 4-12 months weekly observation of infant temperament, no relation. temperament related to maternal sensitivity

Question 22

what did the mothers and fathers of avoidant infants show during the still-face paradigm?

Answer 22

Braungart-Reiker and colleagues, 2014 - showed less sensitivity than did parents of secure infants during play and reunion

Question 23

what did Booth-Laforce and colleagues (2006) find when children nominated others for different roles such as aggression and shyness, and compared this with security of attachments with parents?

Answer 23

aggression related to avoidant mother, and negatively related to security with father. socially competent related to security with both.

Question 24

what did Dwyer et al (2010) find with the self-insert story task?

Answer 24

for boys, there was a negative relation between internal blame and father attachment. for girls, there was a negative relation between external blame and father attachment.

Question 25

how did Rothbaum et al (2000) criticise the sensitivity hypothesis?

Answer 25

the definition of sensitive and responsive caregiving is culturally specific, eg. japanese parents prefer to anticipate their infant’s needs by relying on situational cues

Question 26

how does the definition for security differ in Japan according to Rothbaum et al?

Answer 26

dependence, seeking of acceptance and commitment, and desire for unions re more common and more likely to be associated with competence and security

Question 27

what does adaptation refer to in US vs Japan according to Rothbaum et al?

Answer 27

US = individuation and autonomous mastery of the environment. Japan = accommodation, avoidance of loss, fitting in with others, loyalty and interdependence

Question 28

what did Posada (2001) research about sensitivity?

Answer 28

whether there is a relation between sensitivity and security and between competence and security

Question 29

what did Verijken (2000) find about maternal sensititiv?

Answer 29

correlation between it and secure babies

Question 30

what are some other factors affecting attachment?

Answer 30

infant characteristics such as temperament, special needs, prematurity, or illnesses. family circumstances, such as stress

Question 31

describe the adult anxious pattern

Answer 31

deeply invested in relationships yet frequent break-ups. describes parents as intrusive and unfair. jealous. one negative memory initiates flood of others. worries about rejection. overshares.

Question 32

describe the adult secure pattern

Answer 32

values relationships. describes parents favourably. copes with stress by seeking support. supports partner when they are stressed. shares appropriately.

Question 33

what did Belsky say about children in daycare?

Answer 33

more aggressive

Question 34

what did McCartney say about children in daycare?

Answer 34

higher language and cognitive outcomes

Question 35

what did NICHD (1997) find the strange situation was predicted by?

Answer 35

maternal sensitivity and responsiveness

Question 36

what did NICHD (1997) find about aggressive play?

Answer 36

less maternal sensitivity

Question 37

who did NICHD (1997) find self assertion was more common in?

Answer 37

females with higher language abilities

Question 38

what did Jaffe and colleagues (2011) find about the effects of childcare?

Answer 38

between families: better maths and literacy at 5-7. fewer confit problems at 11-13 years. no effects within families.