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immunology > development of B lymphocytes > Flashcards

development of B lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

There are 6 phases of b cell development, which ones need an antigen

A

the last two; when it finds and attacks an antigen

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2
Q

CD 34 is

A

pleuripotent hemapoetic stem cell. can differentiate into either a b or a t cell

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3
Q

what cells affect b cell development

A

stromal cells

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4
Q

first change that you can see in B cell development

A

the rearrangement of the heavy chain gene locus; it starts with a d-j arrangement, then it goes to a v-dj rearrangement; this happens on both chromosomes and proves that it should live and progress on to the next stage

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5
Q

the pre-b cell stage has what kind of chains

A

it has a successful heavy chain attached to a surrogate light chain to physically support for the heavy chain expression on the cell surface

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6
Q

immature b cell stage has what kind of chains

A

it has a normal light chain (lambda or kappa) with a mu heavy chain; we replaced the surrogate light chain

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7
Q

during the pre b cell stage, what does rearrangement prevent

A

The b cell will not have multiple specificities per cell

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8
Q

light chain rearrangements are neat because

A

you can actually keep rearranging the light chains

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9
Q

after phase 1, we have what kind of B cells

A

B cells that could recognize anything… even your own tissues

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10
Q

what is negative selection

A

tests the B cells to see if it will react negatively against self cells; if it fails, it can rearrange the light chain; if it passes, it can leave the bone marrow

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11
Q

an immature B cell can also interact with what

A

serum albumin, a hormone… any soluble univalent self antigen; if this happens it undergoes anergy and then apoptosis

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12
Q

how do naive b cells get into lymph nodes

A

circulation through high endothelial venules and they attach there

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13
Q

how can a b cell leave a lymph node?

A

efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

you have a b cell that is circulating but it is still immature. what cells can teach it what to do?

A

chemokines are secreted and the immature b cell can go near a folicular dendritic cell which will secrete b cell activating factor (BAFF)

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15
Q

after BAFF what is the B cell called

A

it is now a “mature” b cell

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16
Q

tumor of lymphoid progenitor

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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17
Q

tumor of pre-bcell

A

pre b cell leukemia

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18
Q

activated/memory b cell tumor

A

chronic lumphocytic leukemia

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19
Q

germinal center b cell tumor

A

hodgkin’s lymphoma

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20
Q

mature memory b cell tumor

A

follicular center cell lymphoma

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21
Q

tumor of plasma cell

A

multiple myeloma

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22
Q

b cell usually requires what two signals

A

1) cross linking of two Ig from surface of Bcell delivers an intracellular signal
2) Th2 cell delivers second signal via CD40 on the Bcell
* *there is a third signal of cytokines that can signal it to do other things we will talk about later

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23
Q

when the Bcell cross links to antigens what are the two things that send the signal? what is the final result?

A

hetero dimer of Ig alpha and IG beta. this causes receptor associated kinases to stimulate downstream changes of gene expression

24
Q

CR2 is a receptor for? Bcell function

A

it is the receptor for complement component C3d IT LOWERS THE ACTIVATION THRESHOLD TO ACTIVATE THE B CELL

25
Q

4 options that happen after Bcell activation

A

proliferation - increase B cells with specific Ig
somatic hypermutation - nucleotide changes
isotype switching
development of memory Bcells and plasma cells

26
Q

where does Bcell activation take place

A

germinal centers. the activated Bcells then move to the germinal centers to proliferate

27
Q

mantle zone is?

A

naive non-activated Bcells

28
Q

how do antigens get to the lymph node?

A

1) afferent lymphatics has whole Ag proteins, and macrophages take them into the primary follicle
2) follicular dentdritic cells eat it and present the Ag fragments

29
Q

What are other cells that have the CR2

A

follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, Bcells

30
Q

does the spleen have afferent lymphatics?

A

nope. they come in through the normal arteries.

31
Q

the first ig that are secreted?

A

IgM

32
Q

follicular dendritic cells fxn?

A

they don’t internalize Ags. they bind Ags while the B cells are undergoing somatic hypermutation. the ones that don’t have good mutations undergo apoptosis. the ones that have good compete for the Ag that the FDC is holding. the one that wins gets a survival signal

33
Q

isotype switching… what are the two signals that are important

A

CD40L that is critical for Bcell to do isotype switching

i missed the second signal

34
Q

IL-10 is involved in

A

induces differentiation into plasma cells

35
Q

IL-4 is involved in

A

induces isotype switcing as well as the differentiation into memory B cells

36
Q

overall, the T helper cell helps the B cells

A

decide whether they will turn into a plasma cell or a memory B cell.

37
Q

hyper IgM syndrome mutation and outcome

A

mutation in CD40L so there is a lack of serum IgG and IgA with a compensatingly high level of serum IgM.
THEY WON’T HAVE GERMINAL CENTERS

38
Q

TI-1 antigen

A

activates B cells without the help of Tcell. eg lipopolysaccharide

39
Q

TI-2 antigen

A

repetitive epitopes that cause significant cross linking of Ig molecules on the surface of Bcells. if there is enough cross linking than there wiill be an activation of bcells.
eg. polysaccarides or proteins

40
Q

TI-2 antigen poor response in

A

children that are less than 5 yrs old. so to protect from certain illnesses, this decreases the chance that you can get a good vaccine

41
Q

TI-1 response can be in what people

A

athymic and infants

42
Q

where can IgA be trasnported

A

across epithelial cells into mucosal secretions

43
Q

where can IgG be transported

A

across endothelial cells or placenta

44
Q

polymeric immunoglobulin receptor: specific?

A

no. it transports Igs that are polymorphic like IgA and IgM thats why you can find IgM in the mucous too

45
Q

what does the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor bind?

A

the J Chain in a dimeric IgA that has a secretory component wrapped around the JChain segment

46
Q

brambell receptors carry?

A

IgG across the endothelial cells into extracellular spacesl this explains why the IgG is most common in the extracellular matrix

47
Q

At the time of birth, what Ab does the baby have

A

maternal igg, few igm and sparse iga

48
Q

At six months old, what Ab doe the baby have

A

waning maternal igg, growing igg, maternal iga from milk, growing igm

49
Q

antibody functions (3)

A

neutralization, opsonization, complement activation

50
Q

4 examples of toxins that can be neutralized by antibodies

A

diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, staphaylococcus enterotoxin

51
Q

Fc gamma receptors are expressed on

A

neutrophils, macrophages, bcells, follicular dendriic cells, nk cells

52
Q

Fc gamma receptors enhance

A

phagocytosis of microorganisms by neutrophils and macrophages (opsonization)

53
Q

Fc epsilon receptors are expressed on

A

mast cells and basophils

54
Q

Fc epsilon receptor are important in

A

allergic reactions

55
Q

Fc gamma R1 is expressed on

A

macrophages and neutrophils

56
Q

fc gamma R1 is important in

A

facilitating the efficiency of phagocytosis

57
Q

antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity important in? what does this process need?

A

killing tumor cells via NK cells… except that NK cells have to have a way to know which cells to kill

immunology (9 decks)

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