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immunology > alpha beta T cells > Flashcards

alpha beta T cells Flashcards

1
Q

Priming phase of (alpha-beta) T cells: what is it similar to? what happens in this stage (generally)

A

this is the schooling phase of T cells; we teach them how to differentiate (antigen dependent in the lymph tissue ) to become memory and effector T cells

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2
Q

What cell takes an antigen to the lymphatic vessel? Why?

A

the dendritic cell. it goes to the lymph and then displays the antigen so that (hopefully) a T cell will come by and recognize it

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3
Q

during its course to the lymphatics, the dentritic cell displays more ___ because it changes its __ and ___

A

it displays more MHC class II because it changes its gene expression and morphology

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4
Q

MHC class II is for

A

CD4 T cell

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5
Q

MHC class II is for

A

CD8 T cell

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6
Q

what are two modes of infection that the CD4 cell works with?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis of bacteria;

macropinocytosis of bacteria or viruses

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7
Q

what are two modesof infection that the CD 8 cell works with

A

viral infection; more specifically viral antigens inside the cell or from transfer of viral antigens from another cell

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8
Q

where are microorganisms trapped

A

if in blood ==> spleen
if in mucosal tissues ==> lymph tissues
if in skin==> dendritic cells mature and trasnport to lymph

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9
Q

how do naive T cells get from blood to the lymph nodes

A

high endothelial venules OR from an aferent lymph vessel (only if its in the lymph system already)

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10
Q

what does L-selectin do

A

it captures T cell in the blood as it rolls along the blood vessel

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11
Q

what does CCR7 do

A

it recognizes the chemokine that are expressed in the lymph node endothelium

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12
Q

after the T cell attaches to L-selectin receptor and chemokine, what happens

A

it binds LFA-1 (receptor on T cell) to ICAM1 (on antigen presenting cell)

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13
Q

diapedesis happens after? end result?

A

happens after firm adhesion of the T cell to the endothelium; the lymphocyte leaves the blood and enters the lymph node

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14
Q

describe interaction between TCR and Ag/MHC

A

its is not strong enough to sustain contact between the T cell and the antigen presenting cell

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15
Q

describe the interaction between integrins and the TCR

A

these strengthen the interaction between the T cell and antigen presenting cell

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16
Q

T cells are dangerous and you don’t want them to just respond to one thing. what does it need for full activtion

A

it requires a signal from the T cell receptor AND the CD28

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17
Q

what receptor is expressed in all t cells

A

CD 28

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18
Q

what are the two receptors for B7 molecules? what cell highly expresses the B7 molecule

A

B7 (its on activated antigen present cells, but highly expressed by activated dendritic cells)
It will bind to either CD 28 or CTLA4

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19
Q

when is CTLA4 expressed?

A

its only expressed on the activated T cell

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20
Q

what does the CTLA4: B7 interaction do

A

it negatively regulates T cell activation, and limits the T cell activation and proliferation

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21
Q

what is anergy/anergic

A

these cells are frozen, or unresponsive…. like they don’t have any energy

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22
Q

What is one way a T cell can become anergic

A

if it recognizes an antigen presented on an immature APC (without B7). this is one way the body keeps T cells from recognizing self antigen

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23
Q

three types of professional antigen presenting cells and their locations

A

dendritic cell ==> T cell area of lymph node
B cell ==> follicle of lymph node
macrophage ==> the whole lymph node

24
Q

what is one functino that ONLY the professional antigen presenting cells can do

A

express the B7 , and they express HIGH levels of MHC I and II

25
Q

what Ag does a B cell present

A

soluble antigens;
toxin;
viruses

26
Q

what Ag does a macrophage present

A

particulate Ag;

intracellular and extracellular pathogens

27
Q

what Ag does a dendritic cell present

A

peptides;
viral antigens
allergens

28
Q

where are macrophages are good at activating T cells

A

these are good at activated them during infection of inflammation

29
Q

where are DCs good at initiating T cell differentiation

A

lymphoid tissues

30
Q

what is B cell good at doing (with T cell)

A

it is good at presenting soluble antigens, which is important in receiving T cell help

31
Q

what is something that the immature dendritic cell is good at

A

Mr dendritic cell is good at phagocytosis. (he is so skinny and eats everything). once he gets activated, though, he loses that ability

32
Q

what makes a DC mature?

A 
bacterial products;
inflammatorn cytokines (TNF alpha)
33
Q

mature DCs express what and migrate where?

A

CCR7

34
Q

during the T cell activation, what does the CD4/MHCII initiate

A

Lck phosphorylates ITAM and ZAP; this initiates a cascade of signal transduction

35
Q

what cell process do you need to memorize?

A

figure 8.16 in the notes

36
Q

once the T cell is activated, what is produced

A

IL 2 and IL2R-alpha is induced for T cell proliferation

37
Q

what does interleukin-2 do (IL2) - 3 things

A
  • it induces T cell proliferation, and increased cytokines (IL4, IFN-gamma)
  • B cell proliferation and antibody production
  • NK cell proliferation and increased cytolytic activity
38
Q

what does cyclosporinA and FK 506 do? when is this helpful?

A

these suppress the T cell and its activation by blocking IL2 production; this is used in organ transplantation

39
Q

When the T cell is activated what are two receptors that are activated

A

(very late antigen) VLA-4 and CD45RO

40
Q

when the T cell is activated what are two receptors that turn off

A

L-selectin and CD 45 RA

41
Q

when the T cell is activated what are two receptors that remain unchanged

A

the CD4 and TCR

42
Q

when the T cell is activated what are three receptors that are enhanced

A

LFA-1
CD2
CD44

43
Q

why do the receptors change after activation

A

the function changes, so they change expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors.

44
Q

what do t helper cells do? (general)

A

promote cell mediated immunity

specifically they help macrophages to suppres intracellular infections

45
Q

t helper cell 1 makes what cytokines

A

type I cytokines (IFN-gamma, and IL2)

46
Q

what do t helper 2 cells do? (general)

A

they promote humoral immunity

specifically to help mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and B cells respond to parasites

47
Q

what do t helper 17 cells do? (general)

A

they promote imflammation in multiple tissues

specifically they enhance the neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacterial infections

48
Q

what is the IgE response for?

A

defense against parasites and allergic responses

49
Q

what promotes the IgE response

A

Th2 cell

50
Q

what are the cytokines that are made by T helper cell 17

A

IL 17 and IL 22

51
Q

what are the cytokines that are made by T helper cell 2

A

IL 4,5,10,13 (there are others but he said these are impt)

52
Q

what promotes/inhibits polarization of T helper cell1

A 
promote = IL-12 and IFN gamma
inhibit = IL-4 and 10
53
Q

what inhibits/promotes t helper cell 2 polarization

A 
promote = IL4
inhibit = IFN gamma
54
Q

what inhibits/promotes t helper cell 17 polarization

A 
promotion = IL 1,6, 23
inhibit = IL 4 and IFN gamma
55
Q

what is the function of T FH cells

A

they help b cells become activated by producing IL 21, they switch B cell isotype (with IL4) and increase antibody affinity

56
Q

cytotoxins that are produced by CD8 t cells

A

perforin
granzymes
granulysin

57
Q

what does the t regulatory cell do

A

it suppresses the activities of other effector T cell populations

immunology (9 decks)

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